1. Passive and Active Transport
Getting stuff across the membrane…

2. Preview…

4. Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusion: The passive movement of molecules down its concentration gradient via a transport protein.
they have specific binding sites for the solute
do not usually catalyze chemical reactions
catalyze a physical process: transporting a molecule across a membrane that would otherwise be relatively impermeable to the substrate
3 ways…

5. 1. Channel Proteins
provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
allow fast transport!
Example: water channel proteins, aquaporins, facilitate massive amounts of diffusion

6. 2. Gated Channels
open or close depending on the presence or absence of a physical or chemical stimulus.
stimulus is usually different from the transported molecule
Example: when neurotransmitters bind to specific gated channels on the receiving neuron, these channels open…allows sodium ions into a nerve cell

7. 3. Translocation
Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and solute across the membrane as the protein changes shape.
These shape changes could be triggered by the binding and release of the transported molecule.

8. Active Transport pumping of solutes against their gradients
from the side where they are less concentrated to the side where they are more concentrated.
requires the cell to expend its own energy
Energy comes from ATP
critical for a cell to maintain its internal concentrations of small molecules that would otherwise diffuse across the membrane

9. Cell Voltage
All cells maintain a voltage across their plasma membranes.
The cytoplasm of a cell is negative in charge compared to the extracellular fluid
unequal distribution of cations and anions on opposite sides of the membrane
This voltage, the membrane potential, ranges from -50 to -200 millivolts.

10. Electrochemical Gradient
membrane potential favors the passive transport of cations into the cell and anions out of the cell
electrochemical gradient: two combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane:
chemical force: based on an ion’s concentration gradient.
electrical force: based on the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement

12. Electrogenic Pumps
Special transport proteins, electrogenic pumps, generate the voltage gradients across a membrane
Stores energy in the form of voltage that can be tapped for cellular work
Animal cells: sodium-potasium pump
Plants, bacteria, fungi: proton pump

13. Sodium Potassium Pump
actively maintains the gradient of sodium (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the membrane.
Inside cell: high concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+
sodium-potassium pump uses the energy of one ATP to pump three Na+ ions out and two K+ ions in

14. The details…

15. Proton pump
In plants, bacteria, and fungi, a proton pump is the major electrogenic pump, actively transporting H+ out of the cell.
Protons pumps concentrate H+ behind membranes
These electrogenic pumps store energy that can be accessed for cellular work.

16. To sum it up…

17. Exocytosis Small molecules use transport proteins.
Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane via vesicles.
Exocytosis: a transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
When the two membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse and spill the contents to the outside.

18. Endocytosis
During endocytosis, a cell brings in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis.

19. Phagocytosis one type of endocytosis: “cellular eating”
the cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it in a large vacuole
contents of the vacuole are digested when the vacuole fuses with a lysosome

20. Pinocytosis “cellular drinking”
a cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid
This is a non-specific process.

21. Passive and Active Transport Review Questions
Name and describe the function of different proteins in the cell membrane.
How do passive and active transport across the cell membrane differ?
Describe the process of active transport in detail.
Compare exocytosis and endocytosis.
Compare phagocytosis and pinocytosis.