1. EOC REVIEW
DNA- stores code for protein production; “GENETIC BLUEPRINT OF LIFE” Building Blocks- DNA Nucleotides Phosphate group Deoyribose A,G,C,T

2. DNA Replication
Create identical copies of DNA. Occurs during the S phase of INTERPHASE.

3. RNA
RNA- Copies code from DNA and assembles protein at the ribosome Building Blocks- RNA Nucleotides Phosphate group Ribose A,G,C,U Ex: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

4. Protein Synthesis
Step 1: Transcription. DNA code is copied onto m-RNA. Occurs in the nucleus. Ex: DNA segment reads: TACCGCGGGATT AUGGCGCCCUAA RNA reads

5. Transcription Simulation

6. Protein Synthesis
Step 2: Translation m-RNA is read to form protein. Occurs at a ribosome. - t-RNA carries specific amino acid to ribosome. t-RNA anticodon MUST match m-RNA codon

7. Practice Questions
A portion of an mRNA molecule is shown below. The diagram represents which process? (A)translation (B) transcription (C) replication (D) fragmentation

8. Which of these will complete the mRNA strand (shown above) matched to DNA?
(A) UAC (B) AUG (C) CAG (D) GUC

9. Genetics
Review of Punnet Squares. If A codes for angled leaves and a codes for straight leaves. Determine the phenotypic ratio for the cross below. What Law of Mendel’s is associated with this cross?

10. Dihybrid Cross
What phenotypic ratio would you expect from this cross: RrTt x RrTt

11. Incomplete Dominance
Blending of alleles to create an INTERMEDIATE (Mix of the two).

12. Co-Dominance Both alleles are equally expressed
If R-brown and W-white; RW=ROAN

13. Human Blood Groups

14. Sex-linked
Allele for trait is carried on the X chromosome. Examples of disorders include- color blindness, hemophilia

15. Genetics Practice
The characteristic for curly hair (C) is dominant to the characteristic for straight hair (c). A cross between two individuals for hair type produces the following: 2CC: 2Cc What must the genotype of the parents be to produce the results shown in the Punnett square? F homozygous dominant  homozygous dominant G homozygous dominant  heterozygous H homozygous recessive  homozygous dominant J heterozygous  heterozygous

16. Tay-Sachs is a recessive disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The Punnett square below represents a cross of two people who are both carriers of Tay-Sachs.
T t T t
What is the probability that an offspring from this cross will inherit Tay-Sachs?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%

17. Which mechanism explains how both A and B alleles produce type AB blood?
A. complete dominance
B. polygenic inheritance
C. codominance
D. incomplete dominance

18. The diagram below shows a DNA molecule that contains a mutation after the
replication process.
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
G A T A C T C G T T G T
AFTER
G A T A C T C A T T G T
BEFORE
In which section of the DNA molecule is the mutation located?
A Section 1
B Section 2
C Section 3
D Section 4

20. Transport- moving molecules across the cell membrane
Passive
No ATP needed
Molecules move from a [↑ ] to a [↓]
Ex:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active
ATP is used
Molecules move from a [↓] to a [↑]
Ex:
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Sodium- Potassium Pump

21. Passive vs. Active Transport

22. Osmosis
Movement of water in and out of the cell to establish an equilibrium.

23. Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the
concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell
concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane
rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane
rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell

24. Sodium ions are "pumped" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This process is an example of A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Passive Transport D. Active Transport

25. In order to make hydrochloric acid, which is required in human digestion, ATP is used to move hydrogen ions from the blood to the stomach lining.
This is an example of
A active transport
B passive transport
C osmotic potential
D facilitated diffusion

26. What will most likely occur when a cell is placed into a saline solution?
Water molecules will move into the cell.
Salt molecules will move out of the cell.
(C) Salt molecules will move until the salt concentration is the same inside and outside the cell
(D) Water molecules will move until the salt concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.

27. Cell Reproduction Mitosis 1. Creates diploid body cells
Daughter cells have same chromosome #
as parent cell
2 daughter cells made
PMATC
Meiosis
1. Creates haploid gamete
cells
Daughter cells have half the chromosome # as parent cell
3. 4 daughter cells made
PMATC1 PMATC2

28. Mitosis Meiosis

29. Crossing Over & Meiosis
Tetrad forms first.
Crossing over promotes genetic variation

30. Liver B. Testes
C. Skin D. Pancreas

31. Mendel's discovery that characteristics are inherited due to the transmission of hereditary factors resulted from his
careful microscopic examinations of genes and chromosomes .
dissections to determine how fertilization occurs in pea plants
breeding experiments with many generations of fruit flies
analysis of the offspring produced from many pea plant crosses

32. Which process is illustrated by the diagram below?

33. Variations within a species are most likely the result of
mutations and sexual reproduction
synapsis and disjunction
mitosis and asexual reproduction
overpopulation and recombination

34. Most cell membranes are composed principally of
DNA and ATP
Lipids and Proteins
Chitin and Starch
Nucleic acids and Amino acids

35. Cell Energy

36. Cell Energy Photosynthesis Light Reactions - thylakoids
-Water is split and
oxygen is released
2. Calvin Cycle
-stroma
-Glucose is made

37. Cell Energy Anaerobic Respiration No OXYGEN used Occurs in cytoplasm
Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
Fermentation- ) ATPs
Lactic acid or Alcoholic
Aerobic Respiration
Uses OXYGEN
Occurs in cytoplasm and mitchondria
Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
Krebs cycle: 2 ATPs
ETC: 32 ATPS; Oxygen is used in final step

38. Review sites