1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Describe this picture. What is the basic substance required to make this structure.?

3. BRICKS ACT AS BUILDING BLOCKS TO CREAT THE BRICK BUILDING.

4. What are we made up of?

6. So what is the definition of a cell??

7. They are building blocks of all living things and they are the basic unit of life !!!!!

8. What do you think the ‘building block of a dog is ?

9. So what are the various points you can think of to describe a cell?

10. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
They are the structural and functional unit of life. (why?)
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

11. Refined Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life.

12. Pay close attention to the Video clip and write down important points into your Class work notebook.

13. UNICORN
UNICYCLE

14. Single celled Organisms / Uni Cellular organisms
A unicellular organism is any life form that consists of just a single (uni=one) cell.
Unicellular organisms replicate fast: colonies can double their size in between 30 minutes and a few hours.
Some unicellular organisms have little tails they use for locomotion (movement)
Unicellular organisms vary in size, with the smallest bacteria measuring only a third of a micron (300 nanometers) 
To observe some of the smallest unicellular organisms requires an expensive electron microscope, why the very largest can be seen with the naked eye.

16. PARAMECIUM
Hair like structures around the cell help it to move. The groove in the middle help to draw food inwards. They Feed mostly on bacteria. They are found in freshwater environments.

17. Bacteria
Bacteria have a wide range of shapes –rods, spirals. They can be found everywhere from hot springs, acidic environments to our intestines. There are good and bad bacteria. They are used a lot in the food industry to make cheese, wine curd etc.

18. Examples of Cells
Amoeba
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

19. diameter of DNA double helix
tallest trees
adult human
chicken egg
frog embryo
most eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
Figure: 04-01
Title:
Relative sizes.
Caption:
Dimensions commonly encountered in biology range from about 100 meters (the height of the tallest redwoods) through a few micrometers (the diameter of most cells) to a few nanometers (the diameter of many large molecules).
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA
double helix
atoms

20. “Typical” Animal Cell

21. “Typical” Plant Cell

22. Cell Parts
Organelles

23. Surrounding the Cell

24. Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer

25. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria
Supports & protects cells
Gives it shape and rigidity.

26. Inside the Cell

27. Nucleus Control center of the cell Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material – DNA
All the information regarding the cell and its activities are stored here.

28. Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance Surrounded by cell membrane
All cell organelles are embedded in this.
It contains the chemicals which are necessary to carry out all the reactions that happen within a cell.

29. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down food.
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

30. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape

31. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place

32. Plant & Animal Cells Similarities Both contain similar organelles
Both surrounded by cell membrane

33. Smaller than plant cells
Characteristics
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Size
Large
Smaller than plant cells
Cell Shape
Rectangular
Circular
Vacuoles
A single centrally located vacuole. It takes up almost 90% of the cell volume. The vacuole stores water and maintains turgidity of the cell.
If any, there are a number of small vacuoles spread throughout the cytoplasm that store water, ions and waste materials.
Cell Wall
A rigid cell wall is present around a plant cell that helps it maintain its shape.
Cell wall is absent. This allows animal cells to adopt different shapes.
Chloroplasts
Present. Chlorophyll is the pigment that traps sun's energy which is utilized by plants to make food through the process of photosynthesis. This pigment is present in the chloroplasts.
Absent. As animals lack this pigment, they cannot make their own food.

34. Microscope Timeline
1665- Robert Hooke, an English scientist, first glimpsed into the microscopic world of cells by examining dead cork cells under a primitive microscope which he constructed. The thought that cells might be the basis for life was not to come for nearly two centuries.

36. 1674- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek modified Robert hooks microscope and discovered free cells in the form of bacteria.
The microscope consisted of bi-convex lens capable of magnifications ranging from 70x to over 250x, depending upon the lens quality. A compound microscope ranges from 10X to 100X.

37. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek with the microscope he invented. 1674

38. 1831 – Robert Brown discovered and named the nucleus in the plant cell.
During the next 170 years, other scientists used microscopes to further advance their knowledge of cells.
1838, German botanist named Matthias Schleiden suggested that all plant tissues are made of cells.
1839, zoologist Theodore Schwann made a similar proposal for animals.
1858, Rudolf Virchow suggested that all cells come from preexisting cells.
The ideas of these three scientists led to the creation of what is now called the cell theory.

39. 1831

40.
Theodore Schwann Matthias Schleiden

41. Rudolf Virchow

42. MICROSCOPE
Electron Microscope Compound Microscope

43. How to use a microscope
View the video below to get an idea of how exactly to use a compound microscope
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44. Why are these shoes all different?

45. SPECIALISED CELLS
Some plant and animal cells are specialised to carry about special functions. So as to enable them to do these functions they are structurally modified that means their structure and function is much different from a normal plant /animal cell.
Specialised cells in plant: root hair cell, palisade cell
Specialised cells in Animals: Red blood cells, nerve cell/neuron.

46. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.

47. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.
Red Blood Cell-disc shaped to carry oxygen around the body

48. Red blood cells transport oxygen
cytoplasm contains no nucleus
cell surface membrane
allows more room for haemoglobin
cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules
bi-concave disc shape
increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

49. Red Blood Cell Designed to carry oxygen Found in blood.
Large surface area, for oxygen to pass through.
Contains haemoglobin, which joins with oxygen.
Has no nucleus

50. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.

51. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.
Nerve Cell- long, thin and 'wire-like' to send messages around the body

52. Nerve Cell (neurone) They are long They have connections at each end
Nucleus
They are long
They have connections at each end
Can carry electrical signals
Their job is to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body.

53. Specialised features suited to the function
Image 3 - Nerve Cells
Example of cell
Specific function
Specialised features suited to the function
Nerve cell
Pass sensory impulses
1. Dendrites to make connections with other neurones.
2. Long axon or nerve fibre to carry the impulse to the target organ.
3.passes messages from 1 neuron to another.

54. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.

55. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.
Palisade Leaf Cell- Filled with green chloroplasts to get energy from sunlight.

56. Palisade Cell Designed for Photosynthesis Found in the top of a leaf
Tall and has a large surface area to absorb water and minerals.
Packed with chloroplasts to help make plant food.
Nucleus
Chloroplasts

57. Specialised features suited to the function
Image 4- Leaf Cells
Example of cell
Specific function
Specialised features suited to the function
Leaf palisade cell
Carries out photosynthesis
1. Packed with chloroplasts containing the light absorbing pigment chlorophyll.
2. Regular shaped, closely packed cells forming a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight.

58. VIDEO

59. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.

60. Describe the cell's shape and how it helps it do it job.
Root Hair Cell- Hair-like projection to absorb water

61. Root Hair Cell
Thin cell wall makes it easy for minerals to pass through.
Designed for absorbing.
Vacuole
thin cell wall
Has a large surface which helps it to absorb water and minerals.
Cell membrane
Found in a plant root.

62. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell
cell membrane
semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell
cytoplasm
contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed
root hair cell
increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

63. Specialised features suited to the function
Pollen Cell
Example of cell
Specific function
Specialised features suited to the function
Pollen cell
Helps in plant reproduction
1. Tiny grain with half the genetic information ,
2. Have a hard protective outer coat to survive bad conditions.
3. Shape and surface of outer coat is adapted to method of dispersal - eg smooth and sticky for insect dispersal, larger surface area for wind dispersal.
4. Germinate on reaching the stigma of another flower of the same species.

64. adapted move muscle tissue
Copy and fill in the gaps:
Some cells have special jobs to do. They often have special shapes to help them do their job. We say that these cells are _________________ to do their jobs.
A group of the same type of cells, all working together, is called a _________________ .
A group of muscle cells all grouped together is called _________________ . Muscle cells help us to _________________ .
adapted move muscle tissue

65. Questions Why are nerve cells so long?
What is palisade cell specialised to do?
Why does a root hair cell have a thin wall?
How are red blood cells different from other cells?
Why do the pollen cells have a ‘spiky’ exterior?