1. Opening Assignment
This is a machine that requires several parts to do its job. Think about its job then answer the following: - Are there any parts you can take out and it still function? - Are there any parts that you absolutely cannot remove without changing its function?

2. Basic Structure of a Cell

3. Discovery of the Cell
Robert Hooke (1665) → examined a slice of cork under the microscope, he saw boxes that he called cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) → looked at pond water and found small living organisms – “animalcules”

4. Formation of the Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden → cells compose every part of
plants
Theodor Schwann → cells compose every part of
animals
Rudolph Virchow → cells come only from other
cells
Rudolph Virchow

5. The Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function
Cells are produced only from existing cells

6. History & Discovery Questions
What are some ways our knowledge has advanced regarding cells, based on the developments done by these & other scientists? (think of some current research being done and information in the news)
Think about the part of the cell theory that states cells are produced only from pre-existing cells. What does this mean? What does it make you think about?

7. Review of Introduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under microscope
Basic types of cells:
Bacterial Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

8. Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

9. Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles – small single-celled
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) – larger than prokaryotes and can be either unicellular or multicellular

10. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Questions
If Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus does that mean that they do not have any DNA?
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, which are specialized to perform specific cellular tasks. What characteristic of life does this best coincide with?

11. Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

12. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

13. Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm

14. Organelles & other structures of the cell

15. Nucleolus

16. Ribosomes

17. Proteins

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum

19. Golgi Apparatus

20. Lysosome

21. Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell
Bounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes

22. More on the Nucleus Nucleus
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics

23. Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

24. More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion

25. Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable

26. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable

27. Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape
Site of Cellular respiration

28. In Animal Cells: Mitochondria
Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria
Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

29. Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis

30. Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer
Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable

31. Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells

32. Plant Cell
Cell wall
Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell

33. Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

34. Animal Cell Organelles
Near the nucleus
Paired structures
Help cell divide

35. Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)