1. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8th Edition
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e
Chapter 9
The Evolving Internet
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

3. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Objectives
Explain how and why the Internet was created.
Describe the technology that is at the heart of the Internet.
Describe the technology that makes the Web work as a multimedia mass medium.
Discuss the tools people use to build Web sites.
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4. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Objectives (continued)
Discuss the trends that are changing the Internet and the way people use it.
Discuss some of the most important social and political issues raised by the growth of the Internet.
Describe various ways that governments restrict access to the Internet.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

5. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 ARPANET Pioneers Build a Reliable Network Out of Unreliable Parts
The Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) is the predecessor to the Internet:
Developed at the request of the Department of Defense by a team of visionary computer scientists
Launched in 1969
Peer-to-peer networking philosophy and protocols were copied in other networks in the 1980s
Disbanded in 1990, having fulfilled its research mission, but its technology spawned the Internet
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6. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Counting Connections
The Internet: an interconnected network of thousands of networks
Links academic, research, government, and commercial institutions
Connects computers to about every country in the world
Growing too fast to measure its growth
Internet is decentralized
Internet doesn’t have hard boundaries
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7. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, TCP/IP…
At the heart of the Internet
Allows cross-network communication
TCP breaks messages into packets.
Each packet has all the information needed to travel from network to network.
Host systems called routers determine how to route transmissions.
Packet-switching is flexible and robust.
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8. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Protocols
IP is the address for the packets.
Each Internet host computer has a unique IP address.
Each address is comprised of four sets of numbers separated by periods, such as
NextGeneration Internet will allow more addresses and multicasting.
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9. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Addresses
The host is named using DNS (domain name system), which translates IP addresses into a string of names.
Top-level domains include:
.edu - educational sites
.com - commercial sites
.gov - government sites
.mil - military sites
.net - network administration sites
.org - nonprofit organization sites
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10. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Addresses
.aero Air transport organizations
.biz Businesses
.coop Cooperative businesses such as credit unions
.info Information services
.museum Museums
.name Personal registration by name
.pro Licensed professionals, including lawyers, doctors, and accountants
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11. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
An address includes:
username is the person’s “mailbox”
hostname is the name of the host computer and is followed by one or more domains separated by periods:
host.domain
host.subdomain.domain
host.subdomain.subdomain.domain
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12. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
User President whose mail is stored on the host whitehouse in the government domain
User hazel_filbert at the admin server for Grant MacEwan Community College in Alberta, Canada
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13. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Access Options
Direct (Dedicated) Connection
Computer has its own IP address and is attached to a LAN
No need to dial up
Files are stored on your computer
Quick response time
Dialup Connection
Limited connection using a modem
Full access dialup uses POTS or PPP via modem
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14. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Access Options
Broadband Connections
DSL Service
Newer, faster, and cheaper than ISDN
Can share phone line with voice traffic
Cable Modem Connection
Allows Internet connections using shared TV cables
Can exceed DSL speeds
Carries increased privacy and security risks
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15. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Access Options
Satellite connection provides connection using DirecTV satellite dishes.
Wireless broadband connection allows multiple computers to connect to a base station using short-range radio waves.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Local ISPs provide connections through local telephone lines.
National ISPs offer connections on a nationwide scale.
Online Services like AOL and MSN offer extra services.
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16. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Servers
server acts like a local post office for a particular Internet host—a business, an organization, or an ISP.
File servers are common within LANs.
Also used to share programs, media files, and other data across the Internet
File transfer protocol (FTP) allows users to transfer files.
Download files from remote servers to their computers
Upload files to remote computers
File compression saves storage space on disk and saves transmission time when files are transferred through networks.
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17. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Internet
Internet Servers
Application server stores applications—PC office applications, databases, or other applications.
Makes them available to client programs that request them
Might be housed at an application service provider (ASP), a company that manages and delivers application services on a contract basis
Web server stores Web pages and sends pages to client Web browsers.
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18. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Web Protocols: HTTP and HTML
HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) used to transfer Web pages
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) created for encoding and displaying documents
US.html
Protocol for Web pages
weatherunderground.com/
Domain Name
Resource File
satellite/vis/1k/
Path
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19. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
HTML is not WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get).
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20. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Publishing on the Web
Programs that convert document format features into HTML codes:
Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, FileMaker
Web authoring programs:
Dreamweaver, GoLive, Microsoft FrontPage
By expanding the number of people who have the power to transmit knowledge, the Web might trigger a power shift that changes everything.
—Howard Rheingold,
Virtual Communities
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21. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
From Hypertext to Multimedia
Typical Web pages can contain:
Tables
Frames
Forms
Animations
Search Engines
Downloadable audio and video
Streaming audio and video
Real-time live audio or video
3-D environments
Personalization
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22. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Plug-ins and Helper Applications
RealOne
QuickTime
Shockwave/Flash
RealPlayer
Adobe Reader and Acrobat
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23. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML
Dynamic HTML
Adds more programming power to HTML by allowing code to automatically modify itself under certain circumstances
Languages for dynamic sites
Perl scripting language
Java: Full-featured, cross-platform, object-oriented programming language
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24. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML
Java Applets: Small Java programs
Automatically downloaded onto client computer
Can run on any platform
ActiveX: Collection of programming technologies and tools for creating controls or components
Similar in many ways to Java applets
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
Helps create Web documents containing stock quotes, phone numbers, and other small nuggets of information
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25. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
Will replace HTML plus provide additional features and extensions
XHTML
A sort of cross between HTML and XML
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)
Creates 3-D virtual worlds
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)
Makes it possible to link time-based streaming media—sounds, video, and animation can be tightly integrated
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26. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Search Engines
Search engines are designed to make it easier to find information on the Web.
Web Crawlers or Spiders
Software robots that systematically search
the Web
Some search engines use keywords
and Boolean logic to conduct searches.
Other search engines conduct searches using a hierarchical directory or subject tree.
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27. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Specialized Search Engines: Google Maps, Froogle, and others
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28. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Portals
Web entry stations that offer quick and easy access to a variety of services
Consumer portals include search engines, services, chat rooms, references, news and sports headlines, shopping malls, and other services.
Corporate portals on intranets serve the employees of particular corporations.
Vertical portals are targeted at members of a particular industry or economic sector.
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29. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Push Technology: Notifications and Alerts
The Web was built with pull technology.
Browsers on client computers “pull”
information from server machines.
Essentially, the browser asks for information.
With push technology, information is
delivered automatically to the client
computer.
New product descriptions
Automatic software upgrades
Updated news
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) pushes (feeds) information to people who read blogs.
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30. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Inside the Web
Peer-to-Peer and Grid Computing
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Computing
Users share music, movies, and other files without going
through a central directory.
Use BitTorrent to download very large files.
Grid Computing
Anyone can plug in from anywhere and rent processing
power and software from anywhere on the Net.
In April 2001, a U.S. District Judge ruled that Napster was violating federal copyright law and forced the company to change its software so that users no longer had free access to copyrighted recordings. Napster changed its software and its business model, but the peer-to-peer music exchange lived on through other programs and Web sites.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

31. Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas
Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas
Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas
Filtering software to combat inappropriate content
Digital cash to make online transactions easier and safer
Encryption software to prevent credit card theft
Digital signatures to prevent forgery
Access and censorship
The digital divide
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

32. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 The Evolving Internet
From Cyberspace to Infosphere
Paul McFedrie suggests that the Net today is like the atmosphere—everywhere and necessary—and should be called our infosphere.
The Internet’s future depends on decisions we, as a society, make today.
The Net is evolving from a global community into a global intelligence.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

33. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 The Evolving Internet
From Cyberspace to Infosphere
Kevin Kelly says the Internet “will evolve into an integral extension not only of our senses and bodies but our minds.”
In the Web, as in our brains, learning happens through ever-increasing interconnections.
As the Net changes, it changes our lives. Evolution of the Internet is far from over.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

34. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Lesson Summary
The Internet is a network of networks that connects all kinds of computers around the globe and uses standard protocols to allow Internet communication to occur.
No single organization owns or controls the Internet.
You can connect to the Internet in several ways that provide different degrees of access to Internet services.
Most Internet applications are based on the client/server model.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

35. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Lesson Summary (continued)
The Web uses a set of protocols to make a variety of Internet services and multimedia documents available to users through a simple point-and-click interface.
In addition to Web sites, a variety of applications are built on the protocols of the Internet and the Web. For example, people who use the Web depend on search engines to find the information they need.
Peer-to-peer computing was popularized by music-sharing services, but its applications go beyond music sharing.
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36. Tomorrow’s Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Lesson Summary (continued)
Many businesses are exploring ways to apply P2P technology.
Grid computing goes beyond P2P computing by enabling people to share processor power.
As the Internet grows and changes, issues of privacy, security, censorship, criminal activity, universal access, and appropriate Net behavior are surfacing.
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.