1. NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
CH. 17 1

2. 17- 1. Energy Resources 17-2. Oil 17-3. Natural Gas 17-4. Coal
17-5. Nuclear Energy 2

3. ENERGY SOURCES
Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels. 3

4. NONREWABLES vs. RENEWABLES
Nonrenewable Energy Source (Finite): exhaustible; Resource exist in a fixed amount; Will not replenish itself within a normal human life span (more like millions to billions of years); all fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), nuclear energy- uranium; (Ch. 17)
Renewable Energy source (Infinite): Source can replenish rapidly (hours to decades) through natural processes; wood, hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, tidal; (Ch. 18) 4

5. Changes in U.S. Energy Use 5

6. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium 6

7. FOSSIL FUELS
originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.
The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:
Natural gas, which is % methane (CH4)
Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum
Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1 7

8. PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century
Coal = ~ 400 years
Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution
Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming 8

9. Energy Concepts and the Laws of THERMODYNAMICS
The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work:
The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100% efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.
2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.
Bozeman= Energy concept video 9

10. ENERGY UNITS Energy Units:
Joules (J), Calories (cal), British thermal unit (Btu) and kilowatt hour (kWh), measured of watt/time
Power Units:
Watt (W) = joules/sec (rate)
Horsepower (hp) 10

11. EVALUATING ENERGY RESOURCES
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;
84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas)
7% from nuclear power
9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).
Bozeman= Energy CONSUMPTION video (did not see in class) 11

12. 17- 1. Energy Resources 17-2. Oil 17-3. Natural Gas 17-4. Coal
17-5. Nuclear Energy 12

13. OIL
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
Formation of oil animation 13

14. Sources of Oil
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves:
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico. 14

15. 15

16. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves 65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.
Google Earth visuals of oil consumption by country 16

17. Current cost of crude oil
Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.
Current cost of crude oil 17

18. Petroleum Extraction Methods:
Deep well drilling (land or off shore)
Hydraulic Fracking – oil shale or Tar sands
Fracking and cost of gas
Tar sands have to be refined into oil 18

19. Current Events: Case Study-
Canadian Tar Sands and Keystone XL Pipeline

20. OIL
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals 20

21. Animation 21

22. Ocean Oil Pollution Human activities on land.
Oil tanker spills – Exxon Valdez (March 24, 1989)
Twice as much oil is leaked from shore activities than tanker spills.
Normal operation of off-shore wells, washing oil tankers and releasing oily water, loading/unloading oil tankers, and leaks from oil pipelines, refineries, and storage tanks are all responsible.
Almost half of oil reaching the ocean is from being dumped on the ground, poured down the drain, spilled, or leaked onto land/sewers by cities, industries, and people changing their motor oil.

23. THE EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON ECOSYSTEMS
Depend on a number of factors:
Type of Oil:
Crude Oil- marine life recovers within about 3 yrs.
Refined Oil- marine life recovers can take yrs.
Type of Aquatic System (open ocean, estuary, etc)
Amount Released
Distance of Release from Shore
Time of Year/ Weather Conditions/ Average Water Temperature Ocean Currents
Heavy oil components that sink to the ocean floor or wash into estuaries can smother bottom-dwelling organisms. (crabs, oysters, mussels, and clams)

24. Water Pollution Solutions: Oil Spill Clean Up Lab
Mechanical Methods :
floating booms to contain the oil spill or keep it from reaching sensitive areas
skimmer boats to vacuum up some of the oil into collection barges
absorbent devices such as large mesh pillows filled with feathers or hair to soak up oil on beach on beaches or in waters too shallow for skimmer boats.
Chemical Methods:
Coagulating agents to cause floating oil to clump together for easier pickup or to sink to the bottom (less harmful)
Dispersing agents to break up oil slicks (damage some organisms)
Fire can burn off floating oil (crude oil hard to ignite, and produces air pollution)
Biological Methods:
In which “cocktails” of oil eating bacteria are sprayed to break it down into chemicals or that disperse harmlessly into the sea.
Cheaper and may be more effective than other cleanup methods.

25. 1. Energy Resources
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Coal
5. Nuclear Energy 25

26. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 26

27. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline). 27

28. billion cubic metres 28

29. NATURAL GAS Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century
Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas 29

30. 30

31. NATURAL GAS
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships
Hydraulic Fracking Animation
Coal Fracking 31

32. 4. Coal 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 5. Nuclear Energy 32 32

33. COAL
Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.
Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat
Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures. 33

35. 35

36. RANKS OF COAL
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality ;Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous: Black lignite, Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.
Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.
Animation of how coal is formed
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt 36

37. MAIN COAL DEPOSITS Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite 37

40. SULFUR IN COAL
When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide
(SO2 - serious pollutant)
Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are installed at tops of factory exhaust pipes to trap SO2 when coal is burned. (Clean Air Act of 1970)
Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (sulfur bound to carbon) 40

41. COAL Coal gasification  Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Coal liquefaction  Liquid fuels 41

42. High environmental impact air pollution- black lung disease

44. Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power. 44

45. Sulfur in coal mixes with water to form sulfuric acid
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Sulfur in coal mixes with water to form sulfuric acid
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years 45

46. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. 46

47. MINE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING FROM THE BOTTOM OF A WASTE ROCK PILE47

49. 5. Nuclear Energy 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 49 49

50. NUCLEAR ENERGY The process in a conventional nuclear power plant:
A controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
Heats water
Produce high-pressure steam
Cause turbines to turn
Generates electricity 50

51. Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction:
neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as Uranium or Plutonium
release energy (heat) 51

52. URANIUM

53. Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction53

54. 54

55. Radioactivity
Radioactive decay continues until the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive.
Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy 55

56. Radioactivity Types of radiation: Sources of natural radiation
Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
Sources of natural radiation
Soil
Rocks
Air
Water
Cosmic rays 56

57. Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope.
Half-time emitted
Uranium million yrs alpha, gamma
Plutonium ,000 yrs alpha, gamma
During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years. 57

58. Effects of Radiation Genetic damages from mutations in DNA.
Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation or future generations.
Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers. 58

59. Radioactive Waste 1. Low-level radiation
Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals & universities
1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
Today- bury in deep layers of land
2. High-level radiation
Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
No agreement about a safe method of storage 59

60. Radioactive Waste 1. Bury it deep underground.
Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…
2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.
3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming
4. Most likely plan for the US
Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
Cost of over $ 50 billion
160 miles from Las Vegas
Transportation across the country via train & truck 60

61. Yucca Mountain
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt 61

62. “Nuke Us”Article – Forbes Magazine 1/25/12

63. PLUTONIUM BREEDING 238U is the most plentiful isotope of Uranium
Non-fissionable - useless as fuel
Reactors can be designed to convert 238U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu 63

64. REPROCESS NUCLEAR FUEL
During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out
Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor
Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year
Source:
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt 64

65. PLUTONIUM IN SPENT FUEL
Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed plutonium atoms
Miss out on the opportunity to split
Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uranium
Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt 65

66. TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT- HOMESTEAD, FL
Located on Biscayne Bay, 24 miles south of Miami and just east of the Homestead area
Two nuclear power units:
the first unit began operation in 1972
the second unit following in 1973
Generates about 1,400 million watts of electricity -- enough power to supply the annual needs of more than 450,000 homes
Reactor manufacturer - Westinghouse
Turbine Generator Manufacturer - Westinghouse
A safe, reliable and a low-cost producer of electricity
Turkey Point

67. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry
Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible 67

68. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt 68

69. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates. 69

70. 3 mile island 70

71. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere
Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;
About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes
~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion 71

72. Chernobyl Radioactive wolves
disaster
Chernobyl Radioactive
wolves
National Geographic returns to the scene- 2006 72

73. NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40 years
New reactor designs are still proposed
Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors have proven too costly to build and operate
Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessful 73

74. Use of Nuclear Energy U.S. phasing out
Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly
U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear
No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
North Korea is getting new plants from the US
France 78% energy nuclear 74

75. Phasing Out Nuclear Power
Multi-billion-$$ construction costs
High operation costs
Frequent malfunctions
False assurances and cover–ups
Overproduction of energy in some areas
Poor management
Lack of public acceptance 75