1. The study of populations and their characteristics
Demography
The study of populations and their characteristics
Characteristics include;
size
age
Factors most directly affecting the size of the population are
Births
Deaths
Emigration
immigration

2. Birth rate Births Total fertility rate Effects of changes
Smaller families = women go out to work =dual earner, symmetrical families
Reduces burden of dependency
=the number of live births per 1000 of the population
Birth rate fallen from 28.7 in 1900 to 10.7 in 2007
Effects of changes
Public services and policies
Birth rate
e.g. equality laws, contraception etc. mean there are other options
Quantity to quality
But...3 baby booms
Measured by the....
Child centeredness
Changes in the position of women
Births
After WW1 and after WW2
1960s
Reasons for decline in BR
=the average no. of children women will have during their fertile years
It affects the birth rate
Decline in IMR
Children an economic liability
Total fertility rate
=Infant mortality rate
Laws banned children from working, social norms about what children have a right to materially
Improved sanitation, housing medicine, nutrition, knowledge
But...at first, smaller families not in areas where IMR declined
Risen since 2001 but lower than in the past
Women remaining
childless
Having children later...less fertile

3. reasons effects Death rate Deaths Ageing Population
One-person households
1900 DR =19, 2007 = 10
Public services
Dependency ratio...BUT...
= no. of deaths per year per 1000 of the population
Ageing Population
Its declining
effects
Policy e.g. pensions
Death rate
Increased life expectancy; increased by two years per decade but still gender, class and regional differences
Rose due to war
Measured by the....
Rose 1918 due to flu epidemic
Deaths
Other social changes
decline in dangerous jobs e.g. mining
Better wages = healthy lifestyle
Better knowledge = better prevention
less infectious diseases; Tranter: ¾ of the decline until 1970 due to e.g. smallpox....most significant amongst young
Public health and environmental improvements
Gov. passed laws to improve better housing, Clean Air act reduced pollution, pasteurization of milk, purer drinking water
reasons
Improved nutrition; McKeowen
Led to increased resistance to infection. But women have less food but live longer and death from measles rose
Medical Improvements;
After 1950s – antibiotics, immunisation, NHS, operations

4. Recently...pull factors to South
Most migrants of working age so should reduce DR
Indust.Rev...shift from South to North
Recently...pull factors to South
=the movement of people
from place to place
Internal
Dependency ratio
Immigration = ‘into’
What?
But...immigrant women have higher fertility rates...more children...increases DR
Emigration = ‘out’
Net Migration = diff. between no’s immigrating and emigrating
Migration
Both immigrants and emigrants generally young...study/work
From 1900-WW2, largest immigrant group were Irish and Jewish
2004 – net migration of 223, EU expanded
1950s – black and Asian, producing ethnically diverse society % ethnic minority
patterns
Commonwealth countries offered assisted passage schemes
Push factors – reasons for moving away (e.g. recession)
Pull factors – moving to gain something (e.g. higher wages elsewhere)
More emigrated from UK then immigrated into it....most UK emigrants to USA, Australia, Canada