1. Population & settlements
Population means the number of people in a particular place.
Population & settlements

2. Population density Number of people per square kilometre.
part 1: Population
Population density
Number of people per square kilometre.
The map (on the next slide) shows patterns of population density on a global scale.
Note that:
areas of high and low population density are unevenly spread across the world.
the majority of places with high population densities are found in the northern hemisphere

3. Map of the world: population trends

4. Population density contd.
part 1: Population
Population density contd.
Population density is the average number of people per square kilometre. It is a way of measuring population distribution and shows whether an area is sparsely or densely populated.
Population density is calculated using the following formula: Population density = total population ÷ total land area in km²
The population density of a country is has very little to do with its level of economic development. For example, both Bangladesh and Japan are very densely populated, but Bangladesh is a LEDC and Japan is a MEDC.

5. Population distribution
part 1: Population
Population distribution
Distribution means how spread out a population is.
The way in which people are spread across a given area is known as population distribution. Geographers study population distribution patterns at different scales: local, regional, national, and global. Patterns of population distribution tend to be uneven. For example, in India, there are more people living in Mumbai than in north-east India.

6. co-relation between density and distribution
part 1: Population
co-relation between density and distribution
Places with a low population density are said to be sparsely populated.
Places with a high population density are said to be densely populated.
People are unevenly distributed around the world.
The difference in distribution is measured by comparing population density - the number of people per square kilometre (km²).

7. Factors affecting population density: Environmental factors:
part 1: Population
Factors affecting population density:
Environmental factors:
Environmental and human factors affect the spread of people across the world.
Factors attracting settlement
temperate climate, eg the UK
low-lying flat fertile land, eg the Bangladesh Delta
good supplies of natural resources, eg building resources
Factors discouraging settlement
extreme climates, eg Sahara Desert
mountainous or highland areas, eg the Himalayas
dense vegetation, eg the Amazon Rainforest

8. Text

9. Socio-economic and political factors:
Part 1: population
Socio-economic and political factors:
Factors such as the availability of jobs and comparatively high wages can contribute to high population density through migration. For example, from 2004 the UK has seen an influx of migrants from countries that have recently joined the EU, such as Poland.
Civil war, eg in the Darfur region of Sudan, can contribute to lower population densities as people become refugees and leave an area.

10. Global population growth
Part 1: population
Global population growth
At present the world's population is growing quickly, though this has not always been the case.
Until the 1800s the world's population grew slowly for thousands of years. In 1820 the world's population reached one billion. In the early 1970s, the world's population reached three billion. In 1999, less than 30 years later, the population doubled to six billion.The global rate of population growth is now one billion every 15 years.
The graph shows this pattern of accelerating growth (including the predicted population for 2025). (next slide)

11. World population growth 500 bc - 2025
part 1: population
World population growth 500 bc

12. density and distribution: quick quiz:
part 1: population: density and distribution
density and distribution: quick quiz:
Population distribution is a term that refers to:
Total population plus the total land area (km2).
how population in a specified area changes over time.
the number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.
When people are attracted to an area it becomes densely populated. Factors that influence this are:
the way in which people are spread across a given area.
Temperate climate
Population density is:
Good supplies of natural resources
the average number of people per square kilometre (for the area being studied).
Fertile land
All of the above
the average number of buildings on land surface of a country divided by total number of people on the planet.
the average number of people in the world divided by total area of the world's surface (land and water).
How is population density calculated?
Total population divided by total land area (km2).
Total land area (km2) multiplied by total population.

13. Causes of change The three main causes of population change
part 2: population change and structure
Causes of change
The three main causes of population change
Births - usually measured using the birth rate (number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year).
Deaths - usually measured using the death rate (number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year).
Migration - the movement of people in and out of an area.

14. part 2: population change and structure
Rates of change
Births and deaths are natural causes of population change. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country or place is called the natural increase. The natural increase is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.
natural increase = birth rate - death rate
The rate of natural increase is given as a percentage, calculated by dividing the natural increase by 10. For example, if the birth rate is 14 per 1,000 population, and the death rate is 8 per population, then the natural increase = = 6. That is 6/1000, which is equal to 0.6 per cent.

15. Patterns of population growth
part 2: population change and structure
Patterns of population growth
Rates of population growth vary across the world. Although the world's total population is rising rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this growth. In the UK, for example, population growth is slowing, while in Germany the population has started to decline.
MEDCs have low population growth rates, with low death rates and low birth rates.
LEDCs have high population growth rates. Both birth rates and death rates in LEDCs tend to be high. However, improving healthcare leads to death rates falling - while birth rates remain high.
Population will decline if death rate is greater than birth rate.
Population will increase if death rate is less than birth rate.

16. part 2: population change and structure
The table shows data in selected LEDC and MEDC countries. The figures are per 1,000 of the population per year.
Country
Birth rate
Death rate
Natural increase
Population growth rate (%) UK 11 10 1
0.1
Canada 7 4
0.4
Bulgaria 9 14 -5
-0.5
In Bulgaria, the birth rate is 9/1,000 and death rate is 14/1,000. As birth rate is less than the death rate, Bulgaria has a declining population.
In South Africa, the birth rate is 25/1,000 and death rate is 15/1,000. South Africa has an increasing population with a population growth rate of 1 per cent
Country
Birth rate
Death rate
Natural increase
Population growth rate (%)
South Africa 25 15 10 1
Botswana 31 22 9
0.9
Zimbabwe 29 20

17. demographic transition model
part 2: population change and structure
demographic transition model
The demographic transition model shows population change over time that tracks birth and death rates. It studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country.
As a country passes through the demographic transition model, the total population rises. Most LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural increase). Most MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model and some such as Germany have entered stage 5.
As populations move through the stages of the model, the gap between birth rate and death rate first widens, then narrows. In stage 1 the two rates are balanced. In stage 2 they diverge, as the death rate falls relative to the birth rate. In stage 3 they converge again, as the birth rate falls relative to the death rate. Finally in stage 4 the death and birth rates are balanced again but at a much lower level.

18. stages of demographic transition model
part 2: population change and structure
stages of demographic transition model
Stage 1:Total population is low but it is balanced (birth rate=death rate) due to high birth rates and high death rates.
Stage 2: Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high.
Stage 3: Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase (birth rate > death rate) is high.
Stage 4: Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.
Stage 5: Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.

19. demographic transition model
part 2: population change and structure
demographic transition model

20. Population structure and population pyramids
part 2: population change and structure
Population structure and population pyramids
Population structure means the 'make up' or composition of a population. Looking at the population structure of a place shows how the population is divided up between males and females of different age groups.
Population structure is usually shown using a population pyramid. A population pyramid can be drawn up for any area, from a whole continent or country to an individual town, city or village.
The following graphs show the population pyramids of an MEDC (the UK) and an LEDC (Mozambique), for The left side of each pyramid shows the number of men in each age group, the right side shows the number of women in each age group.

21. popula tion pyrami d - uk - 2000
part 2: population change and structure
popula tion pyrami d - uk
Notice how there is a bulge in the area of the and age groups, with the numbers thereafter reducing fairly steadily as the ages increase. This matches stage 4 of the demographic transition model.

22. populati on pyramid - mozambiq ue - 2000
part 2: population change and structure
populati on pyramid - mozambiq ue
In this graph, notice that in 2000 the 0-4 age group contained the largest number of people, with the numbers thereafter declining steadily as the ages increase. The graph matches stage 1 in the model.

23. key things to know about population pyramids:
part 2: population change and structure
key things to know about population pyramids:
The shape of a population pyramid can tell us a lot about an area's population.
It gives us information about birth and death rates as well as life expectancy.
A population pyramid tells us how many dependants there are.
There are two groups of dependants; young dependants (aged below 15) and elderly dependants (aged over 65).
Dependants rely upon the economically active for economic support.
Many LEDCs have a high number of young dependants, whilst many MEDCs have a growing number of elderly dependants.

24. how do pyramids change over time?
part 2: population change and structure
how do pyramids change over time?
A population pyramid that is very triangular (eg Mozambique in 2000) shows a population with a high number of young dependants and a low life expectancy.
A population pyramid that has fairly straight sides (more like a barrel) shows a population with a falling birth rate and a rising life expectancy.
Over time, as a country develops, the shape changes from triangular to barrel-like.
Places with an ageing population and a very low birth rate would have a structure that looks like an upside-down pyramid.

25. Population growth in ledc
part 2: population change and structure
Population growth in ledc
Most LEDCs are experiencing rapid population growth. Most LEDCs are in stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition model. This means that they have falling death rates, due to improving health care, while birth rates remain high. The recent history of population management policies in China illustrates population- change management problems.
LEDCs have a high population-growth rate which means that they have many young dependants. Governments in LEDCs and international bodies and charities are working to reduce birth rates and slow down rates of population growth.

26. Causes of population growth in ledc
part 2: population change and structure
Causes of population growth in ledc
Limited access to family planning services and education about contraception. Contraception and other methods of family planning may not be culturally or religiously acceptable.
Children are a valuable source of labour and income for a family. They can work on the land from a young age and as they get older they can earn money in other jobs.
Children can help to care for younger children and elderly family members.
High rates of infant mortality (infant deaths) mean that women need to have many children in order to ensure that some survive through to adulthood.
It may be traditional or culturally important to have a large family.

27. part 2: population change and structure
Youthful population
The high birth rate in LEDCs results in a high proportion of the population under 15. This youthful population gives a country specific problems.
The problems include:
Young children need health care - for example, immunisations. This is expensive for a country to provide.
Young people need to be educated - providing schools and teachers are expensive. Resources for lessons are difficult to access, and costly to buy.
In the future, more children will reach child bearing age, putting more pressure on the health service.

28. part 2: population change and structure
case-study: China
In the late 1970s, the Chinese government introduced a number of measures to reduce the country's birth rate and slow the population growth rate. The most important of the new measures was a one-child policy, which decreed that couples in China could only have one child.
In 1950 the rate of population change in China was 1.9 per cent each year. If this doesn't sound high, consider that a growth rate of only 3 per cent will cause the population of a country to double in less than 24 years!
Previous Chinese governments had encouraged people to have a lot of children to increase the country's workforce. But by the 1970s the government realised that current rates of population growth would soon become unsustainable.

29. case-study: china - The one-child policy
part 2: population change and structure
case-study: china - The one-child policy
The one-child policy, established in 1979, meant that each couple was allowed just one child. Benefits included increased access to education for all, plus childcare and healthcare offered to families that followed this rule.
Problems with enforcing the policy:
Those who had more than one child didn't receive these benefits and were fined.
The policy was keenly resisted in rural areas, where it was traditional to have large families.
In urban areas, the policy has been enforced strictly but remote rural areas have been harder to control.
Many people claim that some women, who became pregnant after they had already had a child, were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. There appears to be evidence to back up these claims.

30. part 2: population change and structure
impact of the policy
The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and the rate of population growth is now 0.7 per cent.
There have been negative impacts too - due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and in some cases killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 per cent of foetuses aborted in China were female.
As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese population has become distorted. Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million.

31. long-term implications:
part 2: population change and structure
long-term implications:
China's one-child policy has been somewhat relaxed in recent years. Couples can now apply to have a second child if their first child is a girl, or if both parents are themselves only-children.
While China's population is now rising more slowly, it still has a very large total population (1.3 billion in 2008) and China faces new problems, including:
the falling birth rate - leading to a rise in the relative number of elderly people
fewer people of working age to support the growing number of elderly dependants - in the future China could have an ageing population

32. population change in medc
part 2: population change and structure
population change in medc
Most MEDCs are experiencing slow rates of population growth and some are experiencing population decline.
Most MEDCs are in stage 4 of the demographic transition model - the population is high, but not growing. Some countries have a declining population and could be said to be entering stage 5. This means that the birth rate in their country has fallen below the death rate. Most MEDCs have a very low rate of natural increase.

33. population change in medc
part 2: population change and structure
population change in medc
The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising. This is due to:
improvements in health care and medicine
increased leisure and recreation time
improved knowledge about the importance of a balanced diet and regular exercise
improved living standards and quality of life
Birth rates in MEDCs are falling as people choose to have smaller families later in life. Contraception is easily available and well understood.

34. part 2: population change and structure
an ageing population
As people live longer, the structure of a population changes.
Many MEDCs are now experiencing a significant increase in the number of elderly people as a proportion of the population.
As birth rates fall and people have smaller families, the number of young dependants is falling and the number of elderly dependants is rising.
In the near future this will mean that there are fewer economically active people to support the elderly population.
To try to balance out an ageing population, some countries adopt a pro- natalist policy - that is, they encourage people to have more children by offering them benefits, such as access to childcare and maternity leave.

35. population change and structure: quick quiz
part 2: population change and structure
population change and structure: quick quiz
The three main factors that cause population change to a specified area are:
LEDCs
What does population structure refer to?
births, deaths and marriage.
The different types of buildings that people live in.
births, deaths and migration.
How the population of a region or country get along with one another.
births, deaths and life expectancy.
The natural increase of a population is the difference between the country's birth rate and what?
The composition of the population of an area.
What is a population pyramid?
Migration rate
A graphical representation of the population structure of an area
Marriage rate
Death rate
When the population density of a location is so high that people have to live in high rise properties
How is the world's population changing?
The pattern of population distribution in large urban areas
Rapidly increasing
Slowly increasing
Slowly decreasing
Does the rate of population growth tend to be higher in MEDCs or LEDCs?
MEDCs

36. Part 3: Migration
what is migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The reasons for migration can be economic, social, political or environmental. There are usually push factors and pull factors at work.
Migration impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where migrants settle.
Internal migration is when people migrate within the same country or region - for example, moving from Delhi to Mumbai.
International migration is when people migrate from one country to another - for example, moving from Mexico to the USA.

37. key terms Emigration - when someone leaves a country.
Part 3: Migration
key terms
Emigration - when someone leaves a country.
Immigration - when someone enters a country.

38. why do people migrate? Part 3: Migration
People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or environmental:
economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path
social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends
political migration - moving to escape political persecution or war
environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding
Some people choose to migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities (economic). Some people are forced to migrate, eg someone who moves due to war or famine (political).
A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not have a new home to go to. Often refugees do not carry many possessions with them and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally settle.

39. a combination of push and pull factors cause migration
Part 3: Migration
a combination of push and pull factors cause migration
Push factors: reasons why people leave an area. They include:
higher employment
more wealth
lack of services
better services
lack of safety
good climate
high crime
safer, less crime
crop failure
political stability
drought
more fertile land
flooding
lower risk from natural hazards
poverty
war
Pull factors: reasons why people move to a particular area. They include:

40. Part 3: Migration

41. settlements: introduction; what is a settlement?
part 4: Settlements
settlements: introduction; what is a settlement?
Settlements come in different sizes, types and locations. You can learn about the history and function of a settlement by studying its shape and size, its placement in the landscape, and its situation in relation to surrounding features.
If you group and classify settlements according to their size and shape, the result is a settlement hierarchy.

42. part 4: Settlements
what is a settlement?
A settlement is a place where people live. A settlement may be as small as a single house in a remote area or as a large as a mega city (a city with over 10 million residents).
A settlement may be permanent or temporary. An example of a temporary settlement is a refugee camp. However, a temporary settlement may become permanent over time. This has happened to many refugee camps that have been built in conflict zones.
The reason a settlement was developed or built can be thought of as its function. For example, the settlement of Southampton is a port.

43. part 4: Settlements
Settlement site
The piece of land upon which a settlement is built is the settlement site.
There are many reasons why a site might be chosen for the development of a settlement and some factors will be more important than others.

44. factors that influence settlement site
part 4: Settlements
factors that influence settlement site
Wet point sites - these have a good water supply. Many settlements grew around wet point sites, eg villages in the South Downs.
Resources - important for industry, eg villages such as Aberfan in the Welsh valleys is close to coal reserves.
Dry point sites - these are away from the risk of flooding, eg Ely in Cambridgeshire.
Bridging point - settlements with 'ford' in their name often grew around a fording point or bridging point, eg Watford is found on the River Colne.
Defensive sites - often found on higher ground so that in the past enemies could be seen from a distance, eg Corfe Castle, Dorset, or in the loop of a meander, eg Durham.
Trading centres - often settlements grow where natural route ways and rivers meet, which helps the development of roads, railways and canals.
Aspect - settlements are often found on the sunny side of a deep valley. This is common in settlements in the Alps.
Shelter - from cold prevailing winds and rain.
Gap towns - Lincoln is found in a gap between two areas of higher ground.

45. How relevant are these factors?
part 4: Settlements
How relevant are these factors?
The importance of many of these functions diminish as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties.
The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement's type, size and function.
With modern settlements, remember that decisions about location and situation have been made by planners, but that their priorities may differ from those that determined the location of a historical settlement like Southampton. For example, a modern settlement does not need to be close to a river because drinking water is now piped to our homes and waterways are no longer important for transport.

46. settlement functions:
part 4: Settlements
settlement functions:
Most large settlements in MEDCs are multifunctional and perform a range of functions such as retail, education and industry.
When settlements first started to grow, most had only one distinct function, and others developed as the settlement grew.
Examples of functions :
Port - the original function of cities such as Liverpool and Southampton. Both are still ports, but this function has diminished in importance and they are now multifunctional. Chennai was the first port in India to handle container ships; it continues to function as a port, but is multi-functional now with industries and factories.
Market town - Watford was originally a market town, and although it still holds a regular market, it is now a thriving multifunctional centre. Surat began as a market town and where it does hold regular markets still, its functions have increased.
Resort - Southport was a popular Victorian seaside resort, although it now has many functions and is a commuter settlement for Liverpool. Goes began in the same way.
Natural resources in the area enabled Sheffield to develop as an important centre in the iron and steel industry. Although steel is still produced, its prominence has declined and Sheffield is a thriving multifunctional city.

47. settlement hierarchies:
part 4: Settlements
settlement hierarchies:

48. relationship between population and services:
part 4: Settlements
relationship between population and services:
As you move up the hierarchy, the size of the settlement and the distance between similar sized settlements increases. As you can see from the diagram above, there are more cities than conurbations, more towns than cities and more villages than towns.
The number of services that a settlement provides increases with settlement size.
Small settlements will only provide low-order services such as a post offices, doctors and newsagents. Large towns, cities and conurbations will provide low and high-order services such as leisure centres, chain stores and hospitals.
Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller ones. This means they attract people from a wider area because of the facilities they offer. Cities such as London have a global sphere of influence, whereas a small hamlet or village may only have a sphere of influence of a couple of kilometres.
Services such as department stores selling high order goods have a higher threshold than those selling low order goods such as newsagents. This means they need a higher number of people to support them and make them profitable, therefore they will only be found in larger settlements. It also means that there are fewer big department stores than small newsagents.
The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it. The range of a newspaper is much lower than an item of furniture for example.

49. settlement characteristics: quick quiz
part 4: Settlements
settlement characteristics: quick quiz
Which of the following would be the best place to site a settlement?
The placement of settlements in order of importance
The structure of a settlement
On a remote hillside away from streams and rivers
The function of a settlement
On a low-lying stretch of fertile floodplain
The site of a settlement
On higher ground within easy reach of a river
Which of the following is a high order service?
Away from fertile land close to sources of rock
Newsagent
Which of these is NOT a function of a settlement?
Department store
Multifunctional
Supermarket
A spa or seaside resort
Bank
A market town or regional shopping centre
Central business district
What is a settlement hierarchy?

50. medic urban models: burgess model
part 4: Settlements
medic urban models: burgess model
Geographers have put together models of land use to show how a 'typical' city is laid out. One of the most famous of these is the Burgess or concentric zone model.
This model is based on the idea that land values are highest in the centre of a town or city. This is because competition is high in the central parts of the settlement. This leads to high-rise, high-density buildings being found near the Central Business District (CBD), with low-density, sparse developments on the edge of the town or city.

51. part 4: Settlements

52. burgess model drawbacks:
part 4: Settlements
burgess model drawbacks:
However, there are limits to the Burgess model:
The model is now quite old and was developed before the advent of mass car ownership.
New working and housing trends have emerged since the model was developed. Many people now choose to live and work outside the city on the urban fringe - a phenomenon that is not reflected in the Burgess model.
Every city is different. There is no such thing as a typical city.

53. medic urban models: hoyt model
part 4: Settlements
medic urban models: hoyt model
Another urban model is the Hoyt model. This is based on the circles on the Burgess model, but adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city. Notice how some zones, eg the factories/industry zone, radiate out from the CBD. This is probably following the line of a main road or a railway.

54. part 4: Settlements

55. cud or central business district
part 4: Settlements
cud or central business district
The land in urban areas is used for many different purposes:
leisure and recreation - may include open land, eg parks or built facilities such as sports centres
residential - the building of houses and flats
transport - road and rail networks, stations and airports
business and commerce - the building of offices, shops and banks
industry - factories, warehouses and small production centres
The CBD in the city centre is where most business and commerce is located.

56. identifying features of cod
part 4: Settlements
identifying features of cod
High/multi-storey buildings.
Multi-storey car parks.
Expensive land values.
The CBD is located in the centre because it is:
Department stores or specialist shops, like jewellers.
a central location for road/railways to converge
Shopping malls and pedestrian precincts.
the most accessible location for workers
Cultural/historical buildings, museums and castles.
accessible to most people for shops and businesses
Offices, finance, banks, administration, town hall (business sector).
Bus and railway stations (transport centres).

57. part 4: Settlements

58. part 4: Settlements