1. Janine Fischer, Annie Goodstein, Elise Echeverria, Gabri Posard
Population Ecology
Janine Fischer, Annie Goodstein, Elise Echeverria, Gabri Posard

2. What is population ecology?
the study of populations in relation to the environment

3. 52.1 Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion and demography
population: group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area that rely on the same resources and are influenced by the same environmental factors

4. the number of individuals per unit area or volume
Density
the number of individuals per unit area or volume

5. Ways to determine density:
Count all the individuals within the boundaries of the population
Count the # of individuals in several plots within the boundary and take-average
mark-recapture method: capture animals
mark release set traps again count captured tagged and untagged animals to find ratio to determine population size

6. Ways density Fluctuates

7. Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

8. 3 types of dispersion
Environmental differences and social interactions contribute to variation in population ecology

9. Demography:
study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

10. Life Tables
age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population
cohort: group of individuals of the same age that are followed from birth to death in a life table
difficult to construct for wild animals and available for only a limited number of species
survivorship curve: a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

12. Reproductive rates
demographer focus on females in sexually reproducing species
reproductive table: fertility schedule;an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
table tallies # of female offspring for each age group
Reproductive output= proportion of females ate a given age breeding x number of female offspring from those breeding females

13. 3 variables of life histories..
Life History: traits that affect organisms’ schedule of reproduction/ survival
3 variables of life histories..

14. 2. How much baby makin’ happens
Variables affecting organism’s life history
1. what age sex begins
2. How much baby makin’ happens
3. How many babies you get

15. Types of reproduction
Big-Bang reproduction (semelparity): one shot reproduction
Repeated Reproduction (iteroparity): multiple
opportunities in life
for baby makin’

16. Trade-offs Always a trade off between reproduction and survival
ex: Female Deers reproducing having a higher mortality rate
Mammals having 1 or 2 offspring adds to fitness of species
Large number of offspring may be advantageous if few survive

17. 52.3 Exponential Growth Model
Growth in an Idealized and Unlimited Environment

18. Change in pop size = births - deaths
Idealized situation
Predicts birth and death rates

19. 52.4 Logistic Growth Model More realistic
Per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

20. Logistic Growth Model S shaped curve
Works for populations of small animals that are grown in a constant environment
Discounts many factors in the natural world

21. Logistic Growth Model Pop size = N Rate of Increase = rmax
K = carrying capacity
Per capita growth rate = (K-N) rmax (K-N)
K K
Population Growth Rate = rmax (K - N) K

22. 52.5 Population Regulation
Population Dynamics: complex interaction between biotic and abiotic factors that leads to variation in population size
Stability and Fluctuation
Metapopulation: divided population of species linked by immigration and emmigration

23. a population can either be density dependent or independent
density dependent: birth and death rate do change with changes in the population density
density independent: birth and death rate do not change with changes in the population density

24. What causes changes in the birth and death rates?
competition for resources
example: crowding in plants

25. Territoriality
Health
example: disease in cities v. rural areas

26. Predation
Toxic Waste

27. Intrinsic (physiological factors)
example: stress

28. Human Population People make more people Zero population growth=
birth rate and death rate cancel eachother out
Humans uniquely
can control growth
don’t have 100 kids

29. Age structure age structure: number of individuals at certain age
Show’s social conditions & predicts the future

30. Human Global Takeover Earth carrying capacity can only hold
10-15 billion people
Ecological footprint: a measure of human demand on the Earth’s ecosystem
Ecological Capacity: based on a country’s resource base
when they’ll run out of nonrenewable resources

31. The end.
Jeoparty time

32. jeopardylabs.com/play/population-ecology16