1. Ecology Review 1

2. Key Concetps Terminology Food Web Importance of Biodiversity
Cycles of matter
Human Impact humain on biodiversity
Comment améliorer la durabilité 2

3. Ecosystem Biotic: Autotroph (producers)
Heterotroph (consumers & decomposers)
Abiotic:
Air
Water
Pollution
pH (acidity)
Light
Oxygen
Nutriments
Soil fertility

4. Levels of Organization
Biosphere = all living things on the planet
Biome = a collection of ecosystems that are similar or related to one another (same vegetation)
Ecosystem. Ecotone = where two ecosystems overlap
Community = a collection of different species living in the same ecosystem
Population = a collection the same species living in the same ecosystem
Organism = a living thing made of one or more cells

5. vegetation aphid  ladybug spider
Energy
Analyse the following food chain:
vegetation aphid  ladybug spider
producer:
heterotroph:
Second trophic level:
Secondary Consumers:
The largest biomass:
carnivore:
The amount of energy at the last trophic level? 5

6. vegetation aphid  ladybug spider
Energy
Analyse the following food chain:
vegetation aphid  ladybug spider
producer: vegetation
heterotroph: aphid, ladybug, spider
Second trophic level: aphid
Secondary Consumers: ladybug
The largest biomass: vegetation
carnivore: ladybug or the spider
The amount of energy at the last trophic level? 1% 6

7. Pesticides What risks are associated with the use of pesticides?
Alternative solutions? 7

8. Carbone Cycle Who produces CO2 in the atmosphere?
Write the processes & the implicated chemical reactions?
How do humans interrupt the carbon cycle?
Discuss the consequences? 8

9. Extracting Energy from Plants

10. Leaf Cross Section

11. Why is photosynthesis important?
Produces glucose = energy supply for living organisms.
Adds O2 to the atmosphere for us to breath.
Removes CO2 from the atmosphere.
Facts:
Tropical Forests cover 5% of Earth’s surface, yet they are contribute 30% of Earth’s Photosynthesis!
World’s oceans are responsible for another 30%.

12. Carbone Cycle Who produces CO2 in the atmosphere?
All living organisms perform cellular respiration.
Decompostion (bacteria – landfill)
Fossil fuels
Write the processes & the implicated chemical reactions?
Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + E. Solaire  C6H12O6 + 6O2
How do humans interrupt the carbon cycle?
Excess amount of CO2 in the atmosphere:
Combustion of fossil fuel
Deforestation
Discuss the consequences?
Increases the earth’s temperature “Global Warming”  floods, loss of habitat, severe storms…
Gets in the water cycle  acid rain aquatic ecosystem 12

13. Worksheet
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
1. What is it?
A series of chemical changes in which green plants capture and convert Sun light energy to energy-rich food like sugar.
A process that releases energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.
2. Which living things use it?
Only green plants and certain single-celled organisms.
All living organisms
3. How is energy changed?
Light energy is changed to chemical energy.
Energy is released when glucose is broken down.
4. What substances does it use?
carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and oxygen
5. What substances does it produce?
glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
6. How can it be represented?
light energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
7. Why is it important?
1. It transforms light energy into a form that living things can use to survive.
2. It produces oxygen that most living things needs to survive.
To release the energy within the glucose molecule, thus allowing the cells to accomplish their daily functions.

14. Nitrogen Cycle The importance of nitrogen for both plants and animals.
How can you increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil?
Discuss Human Activities and their impact on the ecosystems and hence biodiversity. 14

15. Nitrogen – N2 78% of the atmosphere (N2)
Nitrogen is important for proteins and DNA synthesis for all living organisms.
Plants receive their nitrogen from the sol in th eform of nitrates (NO3).
Animals receive their nitrogen by consuming plants and other animals.
Nitrogen returns to the soil in the forms of waste (manure) or dead matter and gets into the aquatic ecosystem.

16. Human Activities Agriculture:
Fertilizers (Synthetic & natural ), irrigation, deforestation, tractors and pesticides.

17. Eutrophication p. 18

19. WHY DOES BIODIVERSITY MATTER?
Biodiversity Matters to Humans…
Provide services such as…
Oxygen and other nutrients (through nutrient cycling)
Food, water and shelter
Fertile soil for farming
Medicines
Natural resources (E.g. lumber, etc.)
Tourism and recreation

20. WHY DOES BIODIVERSITY MATTER?
It Matters to Ecosystems…
helps ecosystems to remain stable
There are many types of relationships and interactions among organisms in a community.

21. WHERE IS BIODIVERSITY THE GREATEST?
Biodiversity hotspot
The tropics (77% only 16% of Earth’s land surface)
Carolinian Canada (southern Ontario) – 1%

22. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Examples of Human Activity
Hunting/Poaching
Introduction of Species
Logging/Clear-Cutting
Urbanization
Overexploitation
Burning Fossil Fuels
Building Dams
Recreation
Farming/Overharvesting
Tourism
Many of these activities have contributed to climate
change (E.g. global warming) which also has a major impact
on biodiversity and ecosystems.
The consequences of human activity on ecosystems can be
devastating, unpredictable and complex.

23. Deforestation
Habitat loss, which lowers the carrying capacity of an ecosystem, which in turn causes an imbalance in the food chain.
Changes the climate, less rain dryer temperatures. (plants transpires).
Increases the strength of storms (hurricanes..)
Increase erosion, more runoff nutrients into the lake, causes eutrophication  decreasing biodiversity.

24. Human Interventions can be Beneficial
Examples of Conservation Efforts:
Public awareness campaigns
Media/Marketing
Eco-friendly forms of energy use and transportation
Stiffer laws and penalties
Creating national parks and wildlife reserves
Tree-planting

25. Population: all the individuals of a species that occupy a particular geographic area at a certain time.
Capacité biotique: It is the maximal size of population that an ecosystem can support.

26. Populations List the limiting factors affecting a population growth.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors.
Abiotic
Biotic
Light
Water
Acidity
Pollution
Sunlight
Oxygen
Competition (inter.. & intra..)
Predation
Symbiosis (mutualism & parasitism)
Food
Diseases 26

27. Sketch a growth curve when:
Space and resources are infinite.
Resources limit the carrying capacity.

28. Phases of a population curve
Exponential phase:
Rapid increase in population growth.
Natality rate exceeds mortality rate.
Abundant resources available. (food, water, shelter)
Diseases and predators are rare.
Transitional phase:
Natality rate starts to fall and/or mortality rate starts to rise.
There is a decrease in the number of resources.
An increase in the number of predators and diseases.
Population still increasing but at a slower rate.
Plateau phase:
No more population growth.
Natality = Mortality .
The population has reached the carrying capacity. 
The limited resources and the common predators and diseases keep the population numbers constant.