1. Chapter 1 Notes

2. Scientific Inquiry & Earth Science Basics
1.5

3. Scientific Inquiry

4. Observation vs Inference
What you can tell with your senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc)
Just the facts
Inference
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
What you interpret
The difference between Observation and Inference. Be careful! Your mind might trick you

5. What do you Observe?

6. What can you Infer?

7. Where in the world?

8. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

9. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

10. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

11. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

12. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

13. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

14. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

15. DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

16. Hypothesis vs Theory Theory Hypothesis
Book Version- A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it
Theory
Book Version- A theory is a well-established highly reliable explanation of a natural or physical phenomenon

17. Hypothesis vs Theory How do we make this simpler?
Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it
An idea someone wants to test

18. Hypothesis vs Theory How do we make this simpler?
Theory - A theory is a well- established highly reliable explanation of a natural or physical phenomenon
An explanation that is supported by evidence and widely accepted

19. Hypothesis vs Theory How can they be the same?
Both can be tested and proven wrong based on the tests
How does an idea (hypothesis) become accepted as a theory?
By testing and analysis

20. Hypothesis vs Theory
Example of a hypothesis?
Remember it is not a question, but an idea
Can people come up with many hypothesis to explain the same thing? Absolutely!
What is one that has been found false historically?
Earth is the center of the universe
The earth is flat

21. Hypothesis vs Theory Example of a theory?
Tested and accepted as being true based on evidence
Plate tectonics
Evolution

22. Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test
Collect scientific facts through observation and measurement
Hypothesis
Develop one or more hypotheses to explain the observed facts or measurements
Test
Test the hypothesis using observations or experiments that change variables

23. Variables

24. Scientific Method After all the testing and data Analyze Interpret
Decide if the Hypothesis should be accepted, altered, or rejected

25. Does everyone use the scientific method as described?

26. 1.1 What is Earth Science?
Earth Science is a collection of all sciences that try to understand our Earth and Earth’s neighbors in space

27. Overview Video

28. Major Sciences in Earth Science
There are 4 major groups
Geology
The study of the Earth (Rocks, Minerals, Formations, etc)
Meteorology
The study of the atmosphere and the processes that cause weather
Oceanography
The study of the oceans
Astronomy
The study of the universe

29. Astrology?

30. Formation of Earth Nebular Hypothesis
The nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
About 5 billion years ago, the nebula began to contract.
It assumed a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre- Sun) at the center.

32. Solar System
Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps.
Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices.
Density

33. A C D E B

34. Formation of The Earth Layers Form on Earth
As Earth formed, the decay of radioactive elements and heat from high-velocity impacts caused the temperature to increase.
Lighter rocky components floated outward, toward the surface.
Gaseous material escaped from Earth’s interior to produce the primitive atmosphere.

35. 1.2 A view of the Earth Section off the Earth by designating spheres
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Yes they can overlap

36. Earth’s Spheres Hydrosphere
Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere.
Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface
Holds about 97% of Earth's water
Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground

38. Earth’s Spheres Atmosphere Biosphere Thin, tenuous blanket of air
One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)
Biosphere
Includes all life
Concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere

39. Earth’s Spheres Geosphere
Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core.
Crust—the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth.
Mantle—the 2890-kilometer-thick layer of Earth located below the crust.
Core—the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.

41. How deep have we gone?

42. Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that proposes that Earth’s outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and Earth’s crust itself.

43. Any Size group of Interacting parts that form a complex whole
What is a system?
Any Size group of Interacting parts that form a complex whole
Can you make that simpler to remember?

44. Examples

45. Examples

49. Types of Systems
Open
Closed

50. Types of Systems Closed
Self Contained, everything moves freely inside, but nothing adds or takes away from it
Car’s cooling system
Video game system
Apple Products

51. Types of Systems
Open
Energy and matter move freely in and out of the system
Most natural systems
River systems
Respiratory system
Reddit

52. How to remember?

53. How to remember?

54. Earth as a system
Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres.

55. Where does it come from? What is making these systems work?
Energy Sources
Where does it come from? What is making these systems work?

56. Energy Sources
Drives external processes in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Earth’s Surface
Ex-Hurricanes, Heat transfer, Snow melting

57. Energy Sources
Earth’s interior powers internal processes with heat and pressure
Ex Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountains

58. Earth Systems Systems can be linked and have subsystems
Example- Human body is a systems, then respiratory, circulatory, muscular, etc
Humans are a part of these systems and can have a great effect on them

59. People and the Environment
Environmental Science-
Study of how the natural world works
how people affect the environment
how the environment affects people

60. Earth’s Resources
Renewable
Nonrenewable

61. Renewable Resources

62. Nonrenewable Resources

64. Environmental Resources
Population has increased from 1 billion to nearly 7 billion in only 200 years
How does that effect our natural resources?

65. Environmental Threats
Can be local, Regional, or global

66. Environmental Threats
Pollution
Acid Rain
Ozone depletion
CLIMATE CHANGE
LOSS OF FERTILE SOIL
EARTHQUAKES

67. Earth Systems Video