1. Origins of the Cold War (1945-1990)

2. Occupation of Europe Germany was split into four parts
1 part (east): Controlled by the Soviets; Money went to the Soviet government
3 Other parts (west): Controlled by the Allies, Money was evenly distributed to help re-build country

3. US Occupation of Japan
U.S. broke down the military made changes and turned Japan into a surviving Democracy, with economic prosperity, throughout 20th century.

4. Marshall Plan Plan to help build up Europe after WWII
US would give money to Europe to rebuild
Named after Secretary of State; George C. Marshall

5. United Nations (1945)
An international peacekeeping organization created after World War II.
Designed after the League of Nations

6. Cold War Ideology United States
Capitalism- free market economic system, private ownership of goods and money
NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) an military alliance between the U.S., Canada, France, Belgium, and Britain and the nations of western Europe

7. Cold War Ideology Soviet Union (U.S.S.R)
Communism- totalitarian gov’t with complete government ownership of land, business and property
Warsaw Pact- a military alliance between the Soviet Union and the satellite nations of E. Europe

8. Cold War Ideology The cold war had several races Nuclear Arms Race
Conventional Arms Race
Race for influence in other countries
Space Race

9. US Cold War Policies
Truman Doctrine- called for the U.S. to become a world leader, also stated that the U.S. would support those threatened by communism
Containment- American policy of resisting further expansion of Communism around the world

10. US Cold War Policies
Massive Retaliation- a concept created by President Eisenhower, meaning the US would severely destroy any nation who attacked them
Domino Theory – If one country fell to communism, then all countries around it will be communist

11. Early Events of the Cold War

12. The Berlin Airlift (1948)
An operation supported by the British and the Americans.
British and American military planes would send food and supplies to Berlin, Germany during a Soviet blockade.

13. Chinese Civil War (1947-1949) The Communist leader is Mao Zedong.
The Nationalist leader is Jiang Jiashi.
The Nationalists lose and relocate to Taiwan.
China is now communist causing fear in the US.

14. The Korean War (1950 – 1953)
After the Japanese relinquish power over Korea after defeat in WWII, the Soviet Union and the USA divide Korea by the 38th parallel.

15. The Korean War (1951 – 1953)
North Korea (Communist) and South Korea (Capitalist).
North Korea tries to reunite the country starting a war which ended in a stalemate after 3 years of fighting

16. The Berlin Wall (1961)
Was built by the East German government to separate East Berlin from West Berlin.
The goal was to cut off the flow of East Germans escaping into West Germany.
Kennedy feared that the Soviet Union was attempting to take over Europe starting with Germany.

19. Cuba and Fidel Castro (1958)
Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba’s US backed dictator Fulgenico Batista because he felt that wealthy Cubans and the US were exploiting the poor.
Formed a Communist government backed by U.S.S.R.

21. US planned to help former Cuban refugees overthrow Castro.
The Bay of Pigs (1961)
US planned to help former Cuban refugees overthrow Castro.
US pulled out of invasion without warning Cuban refugees

22. 1500 Refugees were slaughtered by Cuban army
The Bay of Pigs (1961)
1500 Refugees were slaughtered by Cuban army
Kennedy accepted defeat and America was exposed for invading a country and trying to overthrow its government.

23. Cold War at Home

24. Arms Race/Nuclear Threat
US and USSR competed to have largest military and best weapons
Schools held atomic bomb drills
Americans encouraged to build bomb shelters

25. Spying
Alger Hiss, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg convicted of spying by selling nuclear secrets to Communists
Increased American fears of Communism

26. McCarthyism
Making of false allegations of communism based on rumor or guilt by association
Sen. Joseph McCarthy accused government officials and entertainment stars of being “communists” without little proof
People were “blacklisted” and forced out of the public eye

27. Virginia Benefited from heavy money government spent on military
Hampton Roads – large naval and air bases
Northern VA – home to Pentagon and private companies w/military connections

28. Cold War Presidents

29. Dwight D. Eisenhower Came up with policy of “massive retaliation”
Began US involvement in Vietnam by sending military advisors help S. Vietnam resist attacks from N. Vietnam (Communist)

30. John F Kennedy First Catholic US President
Promised to defend freedom across the world (Truman Doctrine)
Encouraged patriotism and allegiance to US

31. John F Kennedy Failed Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba aimed at US
Kennedy threatened massive retaliation is weapons were not moved
Soviets eventually moved weapons but world was on brink of a nuclear war

32. John F Kennedy Vietnam Began heavy military operations in Vietnam
Started draft to send troops to Vietnam
Won numerous battles but could not force surrender of N.Vietnam

33. John F Kennedy
Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX
Remembered as one of the most well loved presidents

34. Lyndon B Johnson Known for passing Civil Rights through Congress
Supported most of Kennedy’s ideas and programs
Supported Truman Doctrine

35. Lyndon B Johnson Vietnam Heaviest fighting in Vietnam
War became unpopular with American Public because of television
Anti-war protest marches begin around country

36. Cold War
Nixon – Reagan

37. Richard M Nixon Years: 1969 – 1975 P.P. – Republican
V.P. – Spiro Agnew

38. Richard M Nixon Elected on promise to end the war in Vietnam
First US President to visit China
Caused tension between China and USSR

39. S.A.L.T. (1970) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Détente - agreement to slow down the arms race

40. Vietnamization
Plan to replace US troops with S. Vietnamese troops but maintain military aid

41. Vietnamization
Plan failed
Vietnam is now one communist country(1975)

42. Why did America lose the Vietnam War?
South Vietnam didn’t want America to defend them

43. Why did America lose the Vietnam War?
Geography
Vietnamese used guerilla warfare to attack and hide from Americans

50. Kent State University (1970)
4 anti-war protesters were killed by Ohio National Guard

52. Vietnam Veterans
Some veterans came back psychologically and emotionally unstable
Didn’t receive recognition until government built Vietnam War Memorial in D.C. in 1982

53. Watergate Scandal (1975)
Republicans are caught stealing plans from Democrats are Watergate Hotel

54. Watergate Scandal (1975)
Nixon participated in cover – up
Nixon resigned

55. Neil Armstrong 1969 – First Man on the Moon
“One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”

56. Ronald Reagan Years: 1981 – 1989 P.P. – Republican
V.P. – George Bush Sr.

57. Problems in the USSR Arms race caused a big debt in Soviet economy
Rising Nationalism in Soviet Satellites Countries

58. Problems in the USSR Economic Inefficiency
Country had nuclear missiles but no food
Fast paced reforms (wanted a free market economy like USA)

59. Michel Gorbachev Supported youth and he had good political skills.
started policy changes that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

60. Gorbachev Economic Reform
Glasnost
Freedom of speech allowed

61. Gorbachev Economic Reform
Perestroika
People could make their own money

62. Gorbachev Economic Reform
Both programs opened up the government to changes that would lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990

63. Ronald Reagan
Heavy military spending to put economic and military pressure on Soviets to keep up
Reagonomics
Return to conservative views for America

64. Ronald Reagan
Became friends with Michel Gorbachev

65. Women’s Rights Women in nontraditional jobs
Sally Ride was the first female astronaut in the United States.

66. Women’s Rights
Sandra Day O’Connor was the first woman on the US Supreme Court.

67. “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall” – Ronald Reagan
Berlin Wall Falls (1989)
“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall” – Ronald Reagan
Symbolized the end of communism in East Germany and the end of the Soviet Union

68. Legacy of Cold War US only remaining super power in the world
US military continues to operate in and near Cold War countries as “world police”
US had to cut its huge military budget forcing closures of some bases in US

69. Unstable governments in former Soviet Republics
Legacy of Cold War
Unstable governments in former Soviet Republics
Russia and former republics of USSR left with no money