1. Predicting Volcanoes
Sakurajima’s last deadly eruption was in 1914, when 58 people died.

2. Monitoring Volcanoes
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3. Remote Sensing
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4. Click on the Video Below of Volcanic Gases (01:13)
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5. Link: USGS Volcanic Gases Can be Harmful to Health, Vegetation, and Infrastructure
This is a reading about the different volcanic gases and the hazards they present.
If the link does not work, the article is in the Google Drive  Monitoring Folder

6. Click on the Video Below of Salton Sea Mudflow (00:34)
Carbon dioxide gas detection instrument installed at Horseshoe Lake, Mammoth Mountain, California
Click on the Video Below of Salton Sea Mudflow (00:34)

7. Click on the Video Below about Mount Etna (03:32)
Temperature
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Click on the Video Below about Mount Etna (03:32)

8. Norris a YVO scientist takes a temperature measurement at "Son of Green Dragon" thermal feature.
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9. Thermocouple temperature measurement of a lava breakout from the June 27th lava flow, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. Bulk calculated temp 1100°C (2012°F) 3 km (1.9 mi) from Puʻu ʻŌʻō source vent.
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10. Photograph compared with thermal image showing a geologist sampling lava that was seeping out of the interior of a rootless shield, Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi.
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11. Click on the Video Below about Epic Volcanic Video (00:59)
Cameras
Click on the Video Below about Panoramic View of Puna Lava Flow Engulfing Pahoa Property (00:14)
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Click on the Video Below about Epic Volcanic Video (00:59)

12. Image: http://www. csmonitor
Satellites

13. Composite satellite image, including lava flow thermal infrared, of Veniaminof volcano collected by Landsat-8.
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14. Global Positioning System receiver (called a GPS monument) at North Rim Station, a monitoring location at Newberry volcano, Oregon.
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15. GPS data, station CASA, Long Valley Caldera, California
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16. Earthquake and Lahar Sensors
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17. Lahar Sensors
An automated system detects lahar flows by using a network of small sensors called acoustic flow monitors (AFMs) embedded underground to measure ground vibrations made by passing lahars. Computer base stations located in the Washington State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) continuously analyze signals from the field stations. Upon detection of a lahar, the computer alerts local 24–hour emergency monitoring and notification centers, who initiate the warning component of the system. Warning messages would trigger immediate, preplanned emergency-response actions.

18. Lahar Flow
Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley. Small seasonal events are sometimes referred to as "debris flows", especially in the Cascades. Lahars generally occur on or near stratovolcanoes, such as those of the Aleutian volcanic arc in Alaska and the Cascade Range in the Western U.S.
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19. Volcanic Mudflows (Lahar and Debris) Flow
Volcanic mudflows (lahars and debris flows) occur more commonly after a landscape has been covered by loose volcanic material. Sign on the slopes of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea.
Click on the Video Below of Salton Mudflow Mayhem (01:01)

20. Lahars pick up material as they travel, which can cause damage to structures in their path. Damage here from Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines.
Bridge destroyed by lahar in North Fork Toutle River during eruption of Mount St. Helens, May 18,1980.

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Rock and ice debris avalanche (October 20, 1997) on the east side of Mount Adams.

22. InSAR
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a technique for mapping ground deformation using radar images of the Earth's surface that are collected from orbiting satellites. 
Click on the Video Below of Salton Mount Etna Breathing NASA (deformation) (00:59)
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23. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html
Interferogram image made from InSAR monitoring, showing ground-uplift pattern centered 5 km (3 mi) west of South Sister volcano, Oregon

24. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

25. Yellowstone ground movement map from Sept 2004 - Aug 2006.
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Yellowstone ground movement map from Sept Aug 2006.

26. Ground Vibrations
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27. Surveying
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28. Deformation
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29. Tiltmeter
Water-tube tiltmeter "pot" installed in 1956 in an underground vault near Kīlauea volcano summit. Pots are connected by tubing and filled with water that flows between pots as wall tilts.
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30. Tiltmeter
Strainmeter installation at Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaiʻi. After strainmeter lowered into a hole drilled to a suitable depth, expansive grout added to cement instrument to surrounding rock.
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31. Click on the Video Predicting Volcanoes (02:29)
Tiltmeter
Click on the Video Predicting Volcanoes (02:29)
Borehole tiltmeter being lowered into a 3 m (about 10 ft) deep hole on Mauna Loa's Southwest Rift Zone, Hawaiʻi.
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