1. Breathing and Transport of Gases
HOMEOSTASIS:
THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM
Breathing and Transport of Gases

2. Homeostasis Exchange of O2 and CO2 Need O2 for producing energy
RBC transport O2
Heart pumps blood

3. Transport of Blood

4. The Pump (Heart) 4 chambers Double pump Beats 60-100 times a minute
Regulated by nervous system
Epinephrine speeds up heart rate
Controlled by pacemaker
Receives electrical signal from medulla
Triggers contraction of heart muscles in two waves (systolic & diastolic)

5. Septum

6. Flow of Blood Oxygen poor blood from body enters upper right atrium
Atrium contracts
Blood flows thru tricuspid valve to right ventricle
Blood is pumped out through pulmonary arteries to lungs
Blood picks up oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins
Blood enters left atrium
Blood flows through bicuspid valve into left ventricle
Ventricle contracts
Blood is pumped out through the aorta

7. Heart Valves Prevent backflow Malfunctions
Heart murmur = valve doesn’t stop backflow
Atherosclerosis
Many others!

8. Malfunctions Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque High blood pressure
Stroke
Heart Attack

9. Exchange of Gases

10. Inhalation Air is drawn into the lungs when…..
Diaphragm moves down (contracted)
Creates more space in lungs
Less air pressure
Air rushes in
“Negative Pressure”

11. Exhalation Air is pushed out of lungs when Diaphragm moves up
(relaxed)
Creates less space in the lungs
More air pressure
Air is forced out

12. Breathing Rate Controlled by pH level of the blood Less O2,
lower pH (acid),
Rate of inhalation speeds up
Medulla regulates rate

13. Exchange of Gases
Cellular Level

14. Exchange of Gases Occurs in the Alveoli (small air sacs in lungs)
Smaller to increase surface area
Surrounded by capillaries (small blood vessels)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through diffusion
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
bind to oxygen with the help of hemoglobin (protein inside RBCs that carry oxygen)

15. Transport of Gases Oxygen carried by RBC in blood
Blood is contained in three types of vessels:
1. Artery
Carries blood away from heart to body
Thick walls to withstand pressure

16. 2. Vein Carry blood back to heart Thinner walls
Use valves to prevent backflow
Skeletal muscles help push blood up

17. 3. Capillary Smallest blood vessel One cell thick
Exchanges materials through diffusion

18. Connecting Systems

19. Fluid Connective Tissue =
Blood

20. Different body systems function to keep blood composition and chemistry within normal limits (WNL)

21. Functions Transports nutrients Destroy microorganisms
Maintain water balance
Regulate body temperature
Carry platelets (tiny blood cells that help form clots to stop bleeding)

22. 2 Components of the Blood
Plasma
Formed Elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets)

23. A. Red Blood Cells Small and biconcave to increase surface area
No nucleus to conserve space
Contains hemoglobin (protein) to bind and transport O2
Erythropoietin in kidneys stimulates production of RBC by bone marrow

24. B. White Blood Cells Large No hemoglobin Nucleus Fight infections
Phagocytes activate T cells
Pathogens activate B cells to produce antibodies

25. C. Platelets: Clotting If a blood vessel is punctured….
Step 1: Platelets congregate and form a “plug”

26. Clotting
Step 2: Fibrin Threads form and trap RBC (like a spiderweb)

27. Antigen on Surface of RBC Opposite antibody in Plasma
Blood Types – 4 Types
Blood Type
Antigen on Surface of RBC
Opposite antibody in Plasma A
Anti-B B
Anti-A AB
A, B
None O
Anti-A and Anti-B

28. Blood Transfusions
Type B recipient can receive Type A blood through agglutination

29. Transport by blood - hormones
Hormone = Chemical signal
Secreted by Endocrine
Glands
Bind to specific receptors on target cell

30. Endocrine Glands