1. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Catalyst 11/26/12
Complete on Notability.
Think about the past marking period.
1. What do you think you did well last marking period?
2. What do you think could improve upon this marking period?
3. What specific steps are you going to take to improve your academic performance?
4. What do you need Mr. Gutierrez to do to help you become more successful in this class?
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2. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Agenda 11/26/12
Catalyst
Announcements
Visitor Tomorrow (just don’t be annoying)
Action Plan
Assignment of Student Jobs
Independent Fingerprints Review
Exit Quiz
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3. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Action Plan
What would a successful, productive class look like?
What are the things that YOU are going to do differently this time around?
What do you need ME to do differently this time around?
BE HONEST.
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4. *Participation grade will have more weight this marking period. (2x)
Student Jobs!
Earn 30% additional points in your weekly participation grade.* (If you were supposed to receive 100 points, you’ll receive 130 points instead!) And 3 points extra on your Weekly Catalyst grade.
**If you violate a classroom policy, you will NOT receive your extra credit!
You will keep this job for at least one month (or less if you get fired).
*Participation grade will have more weight this marking period. (2x)

5. Student Jobs!
(3) Class Maintainer: Makes sure that classmates pick up their trash and push their chairs in. (Room 22: All cubby holes are empty.)***
8th Period Only: Makes sure that all stools are on top of the counter. (Everyone should be helping out!)
(1) Catalyst Collector: Collects Catalyst or other papers.
(2) Paper Passer: Quickly returns graded work to students.
(1) Technical Assistant:
Helps set up projector and laptop if Mr. Gutierrez is running late.
Keeps track of all laptops in the laptop cart at the end of class

6. Most Importantly…Be FLEXIBLE
Finally…Be Flexible
“Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.” – Stephen Hawking

7. Fingerprints Independent Review Expectations
You may quietly work with ONE other person or independently on the fingerprints question.
Use your notes, textbook, and PowerPoint slides to help you answer the questions.
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8. Chapter 4
Fingerprints
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9. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Objectives
You will understand:
Why fingerprints are individual evidence.
Why there may be no fingerprint evidence at a crime scene.
How computers have made personal identification easier.
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10. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Objectives, continued
You will be able to:
Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints.
Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger.
Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches).
Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification.
Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints.
Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods.
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11. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Recording and classifying prints
Rolling inked prints
Loops, whorls, arches, ridge characteristics
Primary identification number
Lifting prints
Black, white, and fluorescent powder
Chemicals—ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate
Other types of prints
Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoeprints, and footprints
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12. Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints
Chapter 4
Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints
History from 1850 to 1900
William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners
Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification
Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry
Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls
Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system
Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries
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13. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Catalyst 11/7/12
What were some of your greatest challenges during the week of Hurricane Sandy? How did you deal with them?
Describe the differences between an arch, whorl, and loop pattern.
Pick up a fingerprint packet and a catalyst sheet by the door before you sit down.
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14. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Agenda 11/7/12
Catalyst
Announcements
Crime Scene Forensics Report DUE FRIDAY.
20% decrease for each day it is late. This is wayyyy overdue actually.
Skin Anatomy Overview
Types of Fingerprints Review
Henry-FBI Classification System
Class Practice
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15. Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints
Chapter 4
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime.
Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.
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16. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

17. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Fingerprint Minutiae
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18. 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
Chapter 4
1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
Minutiae-ridge characteristics
-150 individual minutiae per finger
-Most prints are partial
- 8 to 12 are needed for match
Ridge Counts - # of ridges between Delta and core
-only in loop prints
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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19. Chapter 4
Minutiae
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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20. Chapter 4
Fingerprint Minutiae
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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21. Chapter 4
2. Fingerprints remain unchanged The dermal papillae develops as fetus, except growth, it never changes Impossible to obliterate, even scars would provide unique prints Primates have prints
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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22. Chapter 4
3. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. LAW : Loops: 60% Ulnar Radial Arches: 6% Tented Plain Whorls: 34% Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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23. Chapter 4
Loop – Looks like a LAKE
A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta.
Types
Radial—opens toward the thumb
“Right On!”
Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger)
“Under”
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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24. Chapter 4
Arch
An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores.
Types
Plain
Tented
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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25. Chapter 4
Whorl
A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core.
Types
Plain
Central pocket
Double loop
Accidental
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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26. Plain Whorl Arrow through the delta – must cross at least one circle
Chapter 4
Plain Whorl
Arrow through the delta – must cross at least one circle
Deltas are more symmetrical
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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27. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
Chapter 4
Central Pocket Loop Whorl
1 Circle, 2 Deltas and arrow does not cross a circle
Delta is usually off balance
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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28. Double Loop Whorl 2 loops inside 2 deltas
Chapter 4
Double Loop Whorl
2 loops inside 2 deltas
Looks like a wave or Yin/Yang
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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29. Accidental Whorl 3 deltas or combination of tented & loop arch
Chapter 4
Accidental Whorl
3 deltas or combination of tented & loop arch
Basically a mess
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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30. Chapter 4
LOOP
WHORL
ARCH
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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31. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Notes should be written Cornell Note Style…You all learned this from English class.
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32. There are so many fingerprints out there…How to narrow them down?!?
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33. Primary Classification
Chapter 4
Primary Classification
The Henry-FBI Classification System
Each finger is given a point value.
right
left
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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34. Primary Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Primary Classification, continued
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation:
right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little + 1 =
right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring + 1
That number is your primary classification number.
EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting
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35. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Let’s Practice
Roll each of your finger on the stamp pad and then blank paper.
LABEL EACH PRINT. (e.g. right index, right ring…etc.)
Determine the primary classification of your finger prints using the Henry-FBI Classification system formula.
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36. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Catalyst 11/13/12
Take one of your fingerprints and label each minutiae-ridge. (If you already did this, start reading Chapter 4.)
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37. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Objective
We will be able to explain the chemical reactions involved in obtaining latent fingerprints.
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38. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Agenda 11/9/12
Catalyst
Announcements
Notebook Check next week (Cornell Notes)
Benchmark coming up…review some of the old stuff
Introduction to Latent Fingerprints
Class Practice
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39. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Latent Prints
Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible.
Most secretions come from three glands:
Eccrine—secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints.
Apocrine—secretes pheromones and other organic materials.
Sebaceous—secretes fatty or greasy substances.
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40. Developing Latent Prints
Chapter 4
Developing Latent Prints
Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print.
Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color
to contrast with the background.
Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a
temporary yellow-brown color.
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41. Developing Latent Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Developing Latent Prints, continued
Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color.
Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light.
Cyanoacrylate—“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.
In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.
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42. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Iodine Fingerprint
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43. Ninhydrin Fingerprint
Chapter 4
Ninhydrin Fingerprint
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44. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Ninhydrin
Reacts with free amino acids on
Fingers to produce Ruhemann’s Purple
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45. Reaction of Ninhydrin with Fingerprints
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46. Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
Chapter 4
Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
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47. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Cyanoacrylate
“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit
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48. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Silver Nitrate
Done after ninhydrin and iodine
Reacts with the chlorides on skin to produce silver chloride
Works well on paper, cardboard, plastics, light colored wood
Washes most of fatty oils and proteins from the surface of object
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49. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Other Prints
Lips—several common patterns
Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph
Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot
Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern
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50. Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Other Prints, continued
Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects
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51. Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Other Prints, continued
Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.
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52. Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Other Prints, continued
Earprint catches murderer
A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The assailant was caught after police matched the inprint of his ear on the victim’s window. Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home.
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53. Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Other Prints, continued
Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.
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54. Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4
Other Prints, continued
The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.
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55. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
AFIS
The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints
Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to:
Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual
Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene
By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others.
IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country
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56. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
Biometrics
Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.)
Used today in conjunction with AFIS.
Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry.
Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.
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57. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4
More about Prints
For additional information about prints and crime, check out truTV’s Crime Library:
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58. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
DO NOW - Prelab
Carefully read the Silver Nitrate procedure on page 93.
On Notability (in your “Crime Scene Notebook), rewrite the procedure in your own words. For procedures, you do not need to write in complete sentences. Make sure you understand the procedure.
Continue to work on the checkpoint questions as I set up the equipment.
Split yourselves up into three groups.
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59. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Silver Nitrate
Done after ninhydrin and iodine fuming FAIL
Reacts with the chlorides on skin to produce silver chloride
Works well on paper, cardboard, plastics, light colored wood
Washes most of fatty oils and proteins from the surface of object
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60. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
SILVER NITRATE
CAUTION:
Silver nitrate is toxic, corrosive, a strong oxidizer, and stains anything it contacts.
Wear splash goggles, gloves, and protective clothing.
If silver nitrate comes into contact with your skin, it produces a deep black stain that, although harmless, will persist for several days or longer.
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61. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
SILVER NITRATE STAIN
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62. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
CAUTION
DO NOT LOOK AT UV LIGHT. UV light is damaging.
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63. Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
Chapter 4
Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
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64. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Cyanoacrylate
“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit
Reacts with traces of amino acids and fatty acids
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65. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Safety Precautions
Wear GOGGLES AT ALL TIMES
Wear good-fitting gloves
DO NOT BREATHE IN THE FUMES
Cyanoacrylate is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant
If you feel sick in anyway or have an accident, notify me immediately.
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66. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Super Glue Fuming
Superglue is heated until it reaches its boiling point (vary between 49° and 65° C and evaporates
Cyanoacrylate vapor reacts with secretions from fingers
Water is added to increase humidity (amount of water vapor in the air)
Increases concentration of superglue throughout the tank and thus, speeds up the reaction
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