1. Vaccinations

2. Purpose
Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization
Stimulates the proliferation of T and B cells, resulting in the formation of effector and memory cells – stimulates acquired immunity with disease pathology

3. Types of Vaccines Live Unattenuated– unaltered pathogen given Rare
Ex. Small pox vaccine – use live, unaltered cow pox vaccine

5. Live Attenuated – altered/weakened to remove virulence
Should not be given to immunocompromised individuals
MMR, nasal flu, chicken pox, oral polio, yellow fever, rabies
Lower need to boosters than killed vaccines
Can be administered in a variety of ways

6. Killed/Inactivated – use chemicals of heat to kill and are not infectious
Polio shot, flu shot, cholera, pertussis (whooping cough)
Usually require booster shots
Safe to give immunocompromised individuals

9. Toxoids – stimulates body to produce antibodies to toxins produced by bacteria rather than the bacteria itself
Diptheria, tetanus

10. Recombinant DNA
Put a gene that codes for antigens of a pathogenic bacteria into a non-pathogenic microbe, then extract the antigens
Ex. Hepatitis B

11. Conjugation Many bacteria have a polysaccharide coat on the outside
These vaccines combine a protein with the polysaccharide – the protein induces the immune system to make antibodies that recognize the polysaccharide
Ex. Meningitis, pneumonia

12. Risks
In live vaccines, there is a low risk that the vaccine will cause the disease (more likely in immunocompromised individuals)
Occasionally a vaccine can overstimulate the immune system
Some vaccines are made with ingredients that may cause allergic reactions (egg is most common)

13. Herd Immunity
If most of the people in a community have been immunized and are protected from an infectious agent, the chance of a susceptible (i.e. unimmunized) individual contacting an infected individual is so low that the susceptible person is not likely to become infected.