7. Types of mass media 1. Print (Newspapers, magazines, opinion journals)
2. Broadcast (network TV, radio)
3. Internet – blogs, Twitter, etc.
“New media” – cable and satellite- “digital divide” in Internet use for political news

8. Trends
Newspapers and TV are declining as news sources, Internet rising 2009
Political blogs get a lot of traffic, but are less than 25% of the news consumed online.

9. American broadcast media
Versus other countries: privately owned, not government owned
Implications of private ownership:
More freedom, less government control over content
Priorities strongly influenced by dependence on ad revenue: need to attract big audiences, keep them entertained

10. How does federal government regulate the media?
Federal Communication Commission (created 1934)
Equal time rule: any broadcast station that give/sells time to candidate must make equal time available to opponent(s)
Fairness doctrine – broadcasters must give time to opposing views if broadcast a program slanted to one side of a controversial issue (no longer in effect)

11. Functions of media Reporting the news Interpreting the news
Influencing citizens’ opinions
Setting the political agenda
Gatekeeper function (channels the news flow that reaches the public)

12. How does media influence public opinion?
Agenda setting – telling citizens what to think about -studies by Iyengar and Kinder
Priming – affect standards people use to evaluate political figures or problems
Framing – what you emphasize or de-emphasize in a story

13. BIAS Partisan? Early on, clear partisan bias…
Today: ideological bias- lib or con? (surveys show many journalists are liberal… but…)
Edwards text suggests liberal journalists does not mean liberal news content – says media is “not systematically biased toward a particular ideology or party”

14. Bias continued Depends which media outlets
Edwards seems to be talking about mainstream media (NBC, CBS, NYT, WashPost)
If look at Fox, CNN, Breitbart, Maddow: bias more evident
Some also make argument that mainstream media = conservative, not liberal (because it’s a big business)

15. Other biases? Edwards argues “overriding biases” are not ideological but..

16. Non-partisan biases Negativity and cynicism
Emphasis on conflict/scandal/what appeals to largest audience
Superficiality (“sound bite journalism”)
Political coverage emphasizes the president versus other actors, and individuals/personalities v. substance (same as with campaign coverage that focuses on the “horse race”)