1. The Enlightenment and Revolutions 1550-1800
Chapter 8 in Text –
pages 128 to 147
The Enlightenment and Revolutions

2. Chapter 8 – Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance - inspired spirit of _____________; discoveries of ________________ manuscripts led to the realization that ancient scholars often did not _______________; scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for _____________ of years
_____________________ spread new ideas quickly.

3. Age of European Exploration - Long _______________________ required better navigational instruments, which led to research in ___________________ & ________________.
As __________________ looked more closely at the world around them, they made ________________ that did not match ___________________ beliefs.

4. Scientific Instruments - Invention of ____________, microscope, _________________, & thermometer

5. The Ptolemaic System
Ptolemy, who lived in 100s A.D. was a great ____________________ of antiquity
Ptolemaic System- geocentric model of the _______________, places ______________ at the center of the universe
Universe a series of ________________ spheres
Beyond the tenth sphere is _______________, where God resides.

6. Nicolaus Copernicus –
1543 Published ___________________________
_________________ ideas - Planets revolve around the ________________
Apparent movement of sun around __________ was caused by the rotation of ______________ on it’s axis

7. Johannes Kepler - __________________ laws govern planetary motion
Kepler’s First law - orbits of the planets are _______________________, not circular.

8. Galileo Galilei –
1st European to make observations of the universe by _________________________
Falling objects accelerate at a _________________
Jupiter has __________ moons
___________________ on Earth’s moon
________________________ not pure orbs of light; made of material like Earth
The ________________________ ordered him to abandon his ___________________theory

9. Isaac Newton –
The same force – _________________ – rules all matter on earth & in space.
Every object in the universe ______________ every other
the degree of attraction is determined by _______________________________________

10. Medicine –
Study of human ____________________, had previously relied on _______________ dissections.
first __________________ (against _____________)
_____________________ showed that the ____________, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of ________________________.

11. Chemistry –
_________________ explaining relationship of volume, _________________, & pressure of gas; discovery of _________________
States that the volume of a ____________ varies with the _________________ exerted on it
______________________________ invented system for naming chemicals still used today

12. Descartes and Rationalism
Wrote ____________________________ (1632)
Emphasized importance of his own __________, accepting only those things that his reason said were ________________.
“_____________________________”
Descartes the father of ___________________– based on the belief that _______________ is the chief source of knowledge

13. Scientific Method
Developed by an English philosopher ____________________________
_________________________ Reasoning
Knowledge of the ________________ world should be achieved through observation and ___________________________

14. Lesson 2 - The Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an 18th century ____________________ movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with achievements of the _______________________.
Reason, ______________, hope, _____________
Enlightenment would become a force for reform and ________________________

15. John Locke- Essay Concerning ____________ Understanding: everyone born with a _______________. People are molded by _________________________.
Isaac Newton- Physical world was a “_________________________” operating according to natural laws that could be uncovered though ____________________ investigation.

16. The Role of Philosophy
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment known as ________________________ = philosopher
Most leaders of the Enlightenment were ________
The use of reason and a spirit of ___________________ were to be applied to everything, including religion and _________________

17. Voltaire –
Believed in _______________, reason, & freedom of _________________, expression, & religious belief; fought against _____________ & superstition
Known for his criticism of ______________________
_____________________ – 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

18. Montesquieu –
Advocated _______________ of powers & checks & ________________ to keep any individual or group from gaining ______________________of government

19. Diderot -
His father hoped he would pursue career in _________ or the ______________ – but no…
Became a ______________
_____________________, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades
______________ Volumes
Many of its articles attacked ______________________ and called for religious toleration

20. New Social Sciences
Adam Smith –
__________________________ laws that govern human society
Individuals free to pursue their own economic __________________
_________________________ doctrine – “to let (people) do (what they want)”
The _____________________(1776)
The state should not interfere with economic matters

21. The Spread of Ideas Jean-Jacques Rousseau -
Committed to _________________freedom
Published ______________________ in 1762
viewed government as an ________________ among free individuals to create a society guided by the “_____________________”
unlike other Enlightenment thinkers, believed that civilization _______________ people’s natural goodness & destroyed ___________ & ___________

22. Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft -
Believed that ________________, like men, need ______________ to become virtuous & useful
argued for women’s rights to become ______________ & to participate in __________
A __________________ of the Rights of Women

23. Enlightenment and the Arts
By the 1730s a new artistic style- ____________
Unlike __________________
Emphasized grace, _____________, and gentle action
Highly ________________
Antoine ________________ famous for using this style

24. Music Franz Joseph Haydn –
Broke from traditionally __________musical forms & developed the ______________ & symphony
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –
Child ____________ – wrote 1st opera at age _____
Set a new standard for elegance & originality with his varied & numerous musical compositions
The ____________________________
The Magic Flute

25. Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power
Chapter 8 Lesson 3
Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power

26. Enlightenment and Absolutism
Enlightenment influenced European politics in the __________ century.
Philosophes believed in ____________________
Equality before the ____________
Freedom of ________________________
Freedom of _________________
Freedom of ________________
Right to assemble, hold property & ________________ happiness

27. Enlightened Absolutism
Rulers tried to govern by enlightened principles

28. PRUSSIA
Frederick William I maintained an efficient bureaucracy with values of ________________. Concerned with the _______________. Frederick II AKA Frederick the Great Committed himself to the goal of ___________________ & strengthening his country; granted many ________________ freedoms, reduced ________________, improved education & the justice system, & abolished _______________; considered that the king should be “________________________________”

29. AUSTRIA
Maria Theresa- worked to _______________ the state, was not open to calls for reform but did improve condition of ___________________. Joseph II – “I have made Philosophy the lawmaker of my empire”. Abolished ________________, initiated legal reforms, introduced freedom of the ____________, supported freedom of _______________________.

30. RUSSIA - Catherine the Great
Peter the Great was followed by ________ weak successors.
After Peter III was _________________, his German ___________ became ruler of all the Russians.
Catherine tried to __________________ & reform Russia according to the writings of the philosophes; accomplished ___________________ reforms
Under Catherine the Great, Russia expanded its _____________

31. All three enlightened absolutists – Frederick, Joseph and Catherine were guided by power and __________________ of the state.
The philosophes condemned ____________ as a waste of life and resources.
18th century monarchs wanted to achieve a ____________________________

32. War of Austrian Succession – 1740-1748
1740 – War over succession of ____________ Throne
Charles ________ of Austria dies w/ no male heir
____________________ succeeded him (A WOMAN!)
___________ refuses to recognize Empress of Austria
King Frederick II of Prussia ________ Austrian Silesia
Maria Theresa made alliance with _______________
Frederick II signed alliance treaty with ___________

33. War of Austrian Succession –
Treaty of ___________________________ – guaranteed the return of all _______________ territories
Prussia Refused to give up __________________
Led to another _____________

34. The Seven Years War 1756-1763 Maria Theresa made alliance with France
Alliance = Austria, France, & __________________
Frederick II signed treaty with _____________________
Alliance = Prussia & Britain
1756 – Frederick attacked ______________ (Austrian ally) and eventually every _________________was involved
Three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, & N. America

35. War in North America - Results -
French controls _________________ and Louisiana
British controls __________ colonies
British colonies more highly populated than the French colonies
Results -
War didn’t change _________________ borders
France lost colonies in ____________________
Britain gained sole domination of _______________