1. Lesson Objectives: Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense
Standard Addressed: Students analyze America’s participation in World War II.
CH 17-SEC 1
Lesson Objectives: Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense
1. Explain how the United States expanded its armed forces in World War II.
2. Describe the wartime mobilization of industry, labor, scientists, and the media.
3. Trace the efforts of the U.S. government to control the economy and deal with alleged subversion.

2. CARES
Commitment
Attitude
Respect
Encouragement
Safety
A BULLDOG ALWAYS

3. QUIZ!
Fill in your
ID NUMBER!
First & Last Name
CH-17-1

4. THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II
The U.S. helps lead the Allies to victory in World War II, but only after dropping atomic bombs on Japan. American veterans discover new economic opportunities, but also simmering social tensions.

5. Mobilizing for Defense1
SECTION
Mobilizing for Defense
Americans Join the War Effort
Selective Service and the GI
After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service
10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war
Continued . . .
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6. SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them
The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes”
But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear
“Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII

7. Chapter 17 Section 1 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – How did the American response to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor differ from Japanese expectations?
The Japanese expected the United States to act like a defeated nation.
Instead enraged Americans mobilized for war.

8. AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST

9. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
Selective Service System
Instituted the draft, providing the country with about 10 million soldiers

10. Mobilizing for Defense1
SECTION
Mobilizing for Defense
Americans Join the War Effort
Expanding the Military
• General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—calls for women’s corps
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—women in noncombat positions
• Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits
Continued . . .
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11. WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots

12. B – What difficulties did women and minorities face in the wartime work force?
Women and minorities faced discrimination.
Some defense plants refused to hire blacks.
Women were not paid as much as men.

13. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
2. Women
Thousands served in the WAAC and other auxiliary branches; 6 million went to work in war industries.

14. C – Why did President Roosevelt create the OSRD, and what did it do?
To bring scientists into the war effort;
It developed improvements in radar and sonar, pesticides, and “miracle drugs.”
It also launched the Manhattan project to create an atomic bomb.

15. Recruiting and Discrimination1
SECTION
continued Americans Join the War Effort
Recruiting and Discrimination
Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights
Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries
Dramatic Contributions
1 out of every 5 adult males
300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces
13,000 Chinese Americans serve
33,000 Japanese Americans serve
25,000 Native Americans enlist
1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units
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16. ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

17. Chinese American
Francis Brown Wai (April 14, 1917 – October 20, 1944) was a captain in the United States Army and received the Medal of Honor for actions during the recapture of the Philippines from Japan in 1944.

18. Korean American
Colonel Young-Oak Kim (Korean:, 1919 – December 29, 2005), a highly-decorated U.S. Army combat veteran of World War II and the Korean War. He was a member of the U.S. 100th Infantry Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and a combat leader in Italy and France during World War II. He was awarded 19 medals, including the Distinguished Service Cross, two Silver Stars, two Bronze Stars, three Purple Hearts, a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, a Légion d'honneur, a Croix de guerre, and (posthumously) the Korean Taeguk Cordon of the Order of Military Merit.

19. PFC Guy Gabaldon
Private First Class Guy Gabaldon was a young Marine who single-handedly persuaded more than 1,000 enemy civilians and troops to surrender.

20. On August 13, 1945, 1st Lt. Oscar Perdomo
shot down four enemy planes, the five confirmed victories made him an "Ace in a Day" and earned him the distinction of being the last "Ace" of World War II.

21. Private Joseph Pantillion Martinez (July 27, 1920–May 26, 1943) born in Taos, New Mexico, was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor — the United States' highest military decoration —- for his actions on the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Private Joseph P. Martinez was the first Hispanic-American and first Coloradan[1] to receive the Medal of Honor during World War II. His posthumous award was the first act for combat heroism on American soil (other than the 15 at Pearl Harbor) since the Indian Wars.[2]

22. For his "gallant and courageous actions, at the supreme sacrifice of his own life,“ Fox was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His widow, the former Arlene Marrow of Brockton, Massachusetts, received his medal from President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony on January 13, On that day, Clinton also awarded the medal to six other previously neglected African American World War II veterans, including Vernon Baker, who was the only one living when awarded.

23. Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name of a group of African-American pilots who fought in World War II.

24. The 92nd Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II.

25. 442nd Infantry Go For Broke!

26. Barney Fushimi Hajiro (September 16, 1916 – January 21, 2011)
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare. The 4,000 men who initially came in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times. In total, about 14,000 men served, ultimately earning 9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit was awarded an unprecedented eight Presidential Unit Citations.[53] Twenty-one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor.[54] Members of the 442nd received 18,143 awards,
Barney Fushimi Hajiro (September 16, 1916 – January 21, 2011)

27. Wind Talkers
Windtalkers was the code name given to the Navajo Indian code talkers employed by United States military intelligence during World War II. Agents developed several encryption methods and code systems during the war, but a code based on the ancient Navajo language was one of a two-man team of Navajo code talkers attached to a marine regiment in the Pacific relay orders over the field radio using their native Navajo language, a particularly effective code used during World War II

28. D – What basic problems were the OPA and WPB created to solve?
Controlling inflation, managing shortages, and making sure that the armed forces and war industries got the resources they needed.

29. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
3. Minorities
More than 300,000 Mexican Americans,
more than a million Africans Americans,
tens of thousands of Asian Americans
and Native Americans enlisted in the armed forces.

30. A Production Miracle The Industrial Response 1
SECTION
A Production Miracle
The Industrial Response
Factories convert from civilian to war production
Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
Produce ships, arms rapidly
- use prefabricated parts
- people work at record speeds
Continued . . .
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31. A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry
The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars
Many other industries also converted to war-related supplies

35. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
4. Manufacturers
Converted factories to production of war goods; built and expanded shipyards and defense plants

36. Mobilization of Scientists1
SECTION
continued A Production Miracle
Labor’s Contribution
Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million are women
Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first
• A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
• Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order forbids discrimination
Mobilization of Scientists
Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine
• Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
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37. LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941)
More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority

38. Labor’s Contributions
The war ends the Great Depression
The 1943 Post Cover by Norman Rockwell. Copyright by the Curtis Publishing Company and reproduced here with their kind permission SEPS: Licensed by Curtis Publishing, Indianapolis, IN

39. Problems for Working Women
Hostile reaction from other men
Restricted fraternization
No child care
Wage discrepancies for equal work
Willow Run in 1945
Women = $2,928 per year
Men = $3,363 per year

40. Dramatic Contributions
A. Phillip Randolph
FDR signs Fair Employment Practices Exec Order
Start of Modern Civil Rights Movement
War Veteran Jackie Robinson & MLB

41. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
5. A. Phillip Randolph
Organized a march on Washington that forced President Roosevelt to issue an executive order calling on employers and labor unions in defense industries to stop discriminating against workers

42. MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort
Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines
Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT

43. MANHATTAN PROJECT
The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb
Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon
The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project”

44. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
6. OSRD
Spurred improvements in radar and sonar;
Encouraged the use of pesticides;
Miracle drugs, penicillin
Developed the atomic bomb

45. Hollywood Enters WWII

46. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
7. Entertainment Industry
Churned out war-oriented propaganda films; created opportunities to escape from the grim realities of war for a few hours

47. The Federal Government Takes Control1
SECTION
The Federal Government Takes Control
Economic Controls
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes prices, fights inflation
• Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods
• War Production Board (WPB) says which companies convert production
- allocates raw materials
- organizes collection of recyclable materials
Rationing
• Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed by military
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48. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES CONTROL OF INFLATION
With prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR responded by creating the Office of Price Administration (OPA)
The OPA froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation

49. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
8. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods; set up a system for rationing scarce goods

51. COLLECTION DRIVES
The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling
Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing
Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee

52. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
9. War Production Board (WPB)
Oversaw the conversion from peacetime to wartime production; allocated raw materials to key industries; organized nationwide scrap drives

53. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB
The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries

55. WWII Poster encouraging conservation

56. GUIDED READING: Mobilization on the Home Front
10. Rationing
Reduced consumption of energy, goods, and supplies deemed essential for the military