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2. Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution
AP Environmental Science Review #15

3. Which three elements make up the majority of our atmosphere?
78% Nitrogen gas (N2)
21% Oxygen gas (O2)
1% Argon (and other gases in trace amounts)

4. Name the Atmosphere Layer
Contains the ozone layer
Stratosphere
Provides the air we breathe
Troposphere
Most meteors burn up in this layer
Mesosphere
Between the mesosphere and the exosphere
Thermosphere

5. True/False Atmospheric pressure increases with increasing altitude.
False; the variables have an inverse relationship
Relative humidity is the ratio of water vapor a volume of air contains.
True

6. Name the Term
These are set into motion when warm air rises, cools, and descends past other warm air
Convection currents
The boundary between air masses that differ in moisture and temperature
Front

7. Compare and contrast weather and climate.
Weather describes atmospheric conditions during a short time period and over a relatively small area. Climate describes broad averages of atmospheric conditions over a larger expanse of land.

8. Name the Term
A mass of warmer, moister air replaces a mass of colder, drier air
Warm front
A mass of colder, drier air replaces a mass of warmer, moister air
Cold front

9. High or Low Pressure System?
Typically brings fair weather
High pressure system
Often results in clouds and precipitation
Low pressure system
Warmer air rises
Air descends because it is cool, and spreads outward

10. True/False
In the troposphere, temperatures generally increase with an increase in altitude.
False; temperatures usually decrease with altitude
A layer of cool air may form beneath a layer of warmer air.
True; this is a thermal inversion

11. List the air circulation cells in order from the northernmost cell to the southernmost cell.
Polar cell, Ferrel cell, Hadley cell, Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, Polar cell

12. Why do north-south air currents appear to be deflected from a straight path?
This is due to the Coriolis effect. The Earth is rotating on its axis which creates the optical illusion of deflection.

13. Name the Term
A powerful and often destructive convection current is set into motion when a mass of warm air rises quickly after meeting a mass of cold air
Tornado
Caused when winds rush into areas of low pressure over warm, moisture- laden air above oceans
Hurricane

14. What are some natural sources of air pollution?
Forest fires release soot and gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Volcanoes release particulate matter, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
Winds can sweep dust into the atmosphere.

15. Contrast primary and secondary pollutants, and provide examples of each.
Primary pollutants cause harm directly. Soot and carbon monoxide are examples.
Secondary pollutants react with other components of the atmosphere and cause harm. Sulfur trioxide and tropospheric ozone are examples.

16. True/False All pollutants have the same residence times.
False; some pollutants remain in the atmosphere longer than others
State and local agencies are required to monitor the emissions of certain pollutants, and report this information to the EPA.
True

17. Name the Act
Enabled citizens to sue parties violating air quality standards, provided funds for pollution control research, and imposed limits on emissions
Clean Air Act of 1970
Added regulations pertaining to auto emissions, toxic pollutants, and ozone depletion. Added a sulfur dioxide emission trading program.
Clean Air Act of 1990

18. Name the six major air pollutants regulated by the EPA.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
Volatile organic compounds
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Particulate matter

19. Name the Pollutant
A gas with a pungent odor that is released during coal combustion; found in brown smog
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
A colorless, odorless gas that results from the incomplete combustion of fuel
Carbon monoxide

20. Name the Pollutant
Solid or liquid particles that can cause respiratory damage when inhaled
Particulates
Carbon-containing chemicals emitted by engines, household solvents, and industrial processes
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

21. Name the Term
Systems that remove some of the gases and/or particulates from factory exhaust
Scrubbers
Maximum concentrations of certain pollutants allowed in outdoor air
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

22. True/False Tropospheric ozone is a primary pollutant.
False, it is a secondary pollutant. Sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and VOCs react to produce tropospheric ozone.
Nitrogen dioxide contributes to acid deposition and smog.
True

23. What are some of the health effects associated with high levels of toxic air pollution?
Respiratory problems such as asthma and lung cancer, reproductive defects, neurological impairments, and weakened immune systems

24. How does photochemical smog form?
Sunlight provides energy for chemical reactions between pollutants and normal atmospheric components

25. True/False Air pollution is worsening in most industrialized nations.
Halocarbons are manmade.
True; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are an example of a halocarbon.

26. What are some examples of products that contained chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the late 1900s?
Air conditioning units, refrigerators, aerosol cans, and building insulation

27. In what year did scientists first notice an area of thinning stratospheric ozone (ozone hole), and where was this hole located?
1985; over Antarctica (especially noticeable between Spring and December)

28. Explain the chemistry behind stratospheric ozone depletion.
When sunlight hits chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, chlorine atoms can break off of the molecule. These atoms are highly reactive, and they pull oxygen atoms away from ozone (O3) molecules.

29. What has been done to help solve the problem of ozone depletion?
The Montreal Protocol was signed by 196 countries in This banned CFC emissions. This has stopped the ozone hole from growing worse.

30. True/False
Acid deposition can be in the form of acid rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
True
Acid deposition has an abnormally high pH.
False; acids have a lower pH

31. Nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2), and sulfur dioxide
Which two air pollutants are primarily responsible for acid deposition?
Nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2), and sulfur dioxide

32. Describe some of the environmental effects of acid deposition.
Soil chemistry is altered which can negatively effect plant and microorganism life, nutrients such as calcium and magnesium are leached from the soil, runoff can enter waterways and kill wildlife

33. Describe some of the negative economic effects of acid deposition.
Acid deposition can erode stone buildings and gravestones, damage crops, and even corrode metal cars and buildings. Repairing this damage and recovering from crop failure costs money.