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Forestry and Resource Management
11 CHAPTER Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)
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Battling Over Clayoquot’s Big Trees
Since 1993, environmentalists, loggers, and British Columbia’s government have struggled to find a balance between the ecological and economic roles of the forests in Clayoquot Sound. Today, environmental advocates are working together with timber companies to develop and maintain sustainable logging practices. Talk About It What does sustainable resource use look like, and how can we achieve it?
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Lesson 11.1 Resource Management
Overfishing has reduced populations of North Atlantic cod, an economically important fish, by 60% over the last 40 years.
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Renewable Resources are either _________________, such as soil & water, or ___________________, such as fossil fuels. The goal is sustainability— resource use that occurs only as __________________________________________. Resource managers must balance _____________ and _______________ needs Resource management is the managing of resource harvesting so that resources are not __________________ Nonrenewable Fast as can be naturally replaced Human Ecological Depleted
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management There are several renewable resources which are vital to our society. These include: _________________ Soil Fresh water Wild Animals Timber
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Soil Made by ____________ processes such as _______________ & _____________ of rocks & ____________________ of organisms The fertile top layer (__________) is made slowly – one inch can take ______________ of years to form Topsoil nourishes the plants we grow and forest communities so we must maintain the ________________ of the existing topsoil. Natural Weathering Erosion Decomposition Topsoil Hundreds Quality
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Fresh Water Supplied by ____________ processes The quality must be maintained since it is vital for ____________ water and ________________ (we use most of Earth’s freshwater to water crops) Clean ______________________________ are also crucial for wildlife and properly functioning ecosystems Natural Drinking Agriculture Waterways & Wetlands
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Wild Animals Animals have always been hunter for food _________ - animals that can be legally hunted Nongame animals also provide benefits such as wildlife watching, ___________________________ and ecosystem services Despite resource management, ___________ has led to a drastic drop in fish populations _______________________________________have caused success in fishing but problems for ecosystems. Game Scientific Research Fishing New Technologies & Trawling
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Wild Animals ______________ continues to affect animals in illegal and unsustainable ways Even though __________ has reduced poaching of endangered animals, it still continues to be a problem Poaching CITES
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Timber ______________________ We rely on timber for tons of things including building materials and paper In _______________ nations most forests are slowly regrowing due to forest management In ___________________ nations however, forests (including ____________________) are still disappearing Wood from trees Developed Undeveloped Rain Forests
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Renewable Resource Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Three common approaches to resource management are: ______________________________________ The use of different techniques is necessary due to the necessity of managing different __________ at different _________ under different political ______________. Maximum Sustainable Yield Ecosystem – Based Management Adaptive Management places times leadership
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Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) Goal: To harvest the ______________ amount of resources without _____________ the amount of future harvests Population sizes are kept far below _______________________, enabling fast growth. maximum reducing Carrying capacity
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Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) PROBLEMS MSY can affect interactions between ___________ and alter entire ecosystems. If a population stays below carrying capacity, it is not consuming, being consumed by or competing with other organisms. Determining target population size is largely a matter of ___________________. species Trial and Error
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Ecosystem-Based Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Ecosystem-Based Forest Management Goal: To harvest resources while _______________ effects on the rest of the ecosystem Ecologically ____________ areas are carefully monitored and protected and resources are harvested _______________. minimizing Sensitive Selectively
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Ecosystem-Based Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Ecosystem-Based Forest Management PROBLEMS Ecosystems are _____________, so choosing which areas to ___________ and which to ______________ is a challenge. People have different _____________ about what would be best for the ecosystem complex protect harvest opinions
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Adaptive Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Adaptive Forest Management Data • Goal: To gather ________ from areas managed in ____________ ways, and develop a ________________ management plan based on the results Management practices are _________________________ _________________________ ASSESS PROBLEM Design Implement Monitor Evaluate Adjust Different Customized Image - (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: Continually Monitored & Adjusted
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Adaptive Forest Management
Lesson 11.1 Resource Management Adaptive Forest Management PROBLEMS Requires a __________ quantity of data to be collected and processed Can be ___________________ and may require changing __________________ practices ASSESS PROBLEM Design Implement Monitor Evaluate Adjust Large Time-Consuming Image - (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: Established
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Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources
Forests, mostly boreal forests and tropical rain forests, cover about 30% of Earth’s land.
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Value of Forests Boreal Forests Tropical Rain Forests
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Value of Forests Boreal Forests Most of the forests remaining are either _____________ or __________________________. Tropical Rain Forests
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Value of Forests Habitat Biodiversity Erosion Purify Oxygen
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Value of Forests Ecological Economic Forests have both ____________ & ____________ value. Ecological value: Provide _____________ for organisms Source of _________________ Prevent ________________ ___________ water Store carbon, release ______________ Habitat Biodiversity Erosion Purify Oxygen
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Pacific Yew Tree contains Taxol, a cancer fighting drug
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Value of Forests Economic value: Timber for _____________ and _________ Source of _____________ Raw material for many ____________________ Timber Fuel Food Medicines Pacific Yew Tree contains Taxol, a cancer fighting drug
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Timber Harvesting Methods
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Timber Harvesting Methods Three methods: 1) _____________________________ 2) _____________________________ 3) _____________________________ May result in _______________ or _________________ regrowth Even-aged regrowth tends to be less _______________ than uneven-aged regrowth. Clear-Cutting Seed-Tree or Shelterwood Approach Selection System Even-Aged Uneven-Aged Biodiverse
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Timber Harvesting Methods
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Timber Harvesting Methods
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1) Clear-Cutting All Even Abiotic Light Penetration Precipitation Wind
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources 1) Clear-Cutting All Cutting down _____ trees in a region, resulting in ________-aged stands of regrowth Changes __________ conditions in the area, including: ________________________ _________________________ Even Abiotic Light Penetration Precipitation Wind Temperature
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1) Clear-Cutting Cost Efficient Destroyed Soil Erosion
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources 1) Clear-Cutting Benefit: ________________________ Costs: Entire communities usually displaced or __________________ Causes _________________. Cost Efficient Destroyed Soil Erosion
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2) Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources 2) Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches Small Seed-tree: __________ numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing, to __________ the area. Shelterwood: Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide _____________ for ______________ Reseed Shelter Seedlings
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2) Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources 2) Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches Benefit: Less ______________ than _________________ Cost: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly _______________ regrowth Damaging Clear-Cutting Even-Aged
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3) Selection Systems Few Widely Single Small Groups
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources 3) Selection Systems Few Relatively ______ trees are cut at once under a selection system. Selection can involve __________ spaced _________trees or _________________. Widely Single Small Groups
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Selection Systems Biodiverse Uneven Damage Forest Interior Expensive
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Selection Systems Benefits: More _______________, __________-aged growth Less overall environmental __________ Costs: Machinery disturbs __________________. _______________ process More dangerous for ___________ Biodiverse Uneven Damage Forest Interior Expensive Loggers
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Risk of Desertification
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation Unlike timber harvesting, _________________ replaces forested areas with some other land use, such as _____________ or ____________ property. Ex. _____________ Most negative effects in: Tropical Regions _______________________ Arid Regions ________________________. Deforestation Commercial Residential Farming Loss of Biodiversity Risk of Desertification
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Deforestation Greenhouse Effect Global Warming
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation Globally, deforestation adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere for two reasons. 1) __________________________________________________________ 2) __________________________________________________________ Increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere can increase the _____________________ and can lead to _______________ CO2 is released when trees are burned or decomposed Less trees are left to use CO2 for photosynthesis Greenhouse Effect Global Warming
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Deforestation in the United States
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation in the United States Timber Deforestation for ____________ and _____________ facilitated U.S. expansion. Deforestation for _____________ and ______ during the ____________ Revolution. By the early 1900s, very little old-growth forest (forest that has _______________________) remained in the United States. Today, there are almost no old growth forests in North America Farmland Buildings Fuel Industrial Never Been Logged Did You Know? Once old-growth forest is logged, it may need hundreds of years to regrow.
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Deforestation in Developing Nations
Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation in Developing Nations Timber from old-growth ______________________ is a source of __________ in developing nations. Advanced _____________ enables deforestation to occur far __________ than it has in the United States. Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously negative effect on global _____________________. Tropical Rain Forests income technology faster The border bewteen Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right) shows Haiti’s deforestation. Species diversity
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Lesson 11.3 Forest Management
Most logging in the U.S. takes place on private land, but timber companies are also allowed to harvest trees in National Forests under supervision by the U.S. Forest Service.
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U.S. National Forests 50 ft 6200 cubic centimeters
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management U.S. National Forests Each person in the United States uses _____________________ of wood every day That is the same thing as using a _______ tall tree every year 6200 cubic centimeters 50 ft
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National Forest System Timber, Recreation, Wildlife Habitats & Mining
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management U.S. National Forests National Forest System The ____________________________ was established in 1905. It was originally set aside to grow trees for __________ and to protect _______________. Today, the U.S. Forest Service manages the land for __________________________________________________ Timber Watersheds Timber, Recreation, Wildlife Habitats & Mining
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Private Timber Companies
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management U.S. National Forests Private Timber Companies Timber is harvested by ______________________________ Forest Service Employees (________________________) plan and manage timber sales and build roads that provide access to the timber. Some people argue that _____________________should not be used to help private companies profit. Government Employees Public Tax Dollars
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National Forest Management Act (1976)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management National Forest Management Act (1976) Due to the fact that people wanted national forests to be used for many different things (_______________), the National Forest Management Act was passed. The NFMA requires that ______________ resource management plans be made for ________ national forest Multiple Use Renewable Each
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National Forest Management Act (1976)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management National Forest Management Act (1976) SUCCESS of NFMA Plants and animals have been managed _________________ Logging has ___________ in national forests Tree growth has outpaced tree removal _________. CHALLENGES of NFMA The act is very susceptible to ______________________. Ex. “Roadless” Rule Sustainably Declined 11 to 1 Political Influence
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Logging on Private Land
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Logging on Private Land Most logging in the U.S. takes place on ____________________ tree plantations. A tree plantation is typically an even-aged _______________ (large scale planting of a single crop) Little _________ variety or _______________. Privately Owned Monoculture Habitat Biodiversity
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Logging on Private Land
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Logging on Private Land Use of ________________________ for timber protects National Forests from being _______________. Private Plantations Logged
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Fire Policies Beneficial Germinate Warbler Suppressed
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Fire Policies Fires can actually be ____________ to some ecosystems Some plants will only _____________ (sprout) after exposure to fire. Ex. Jack Pine The Kirkland _____________ only lives in young Jack Pines so it suffers when fires are __________________. Beneficial Germinate Warbler Suppressed
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Limbs, Sticks & Lead Litter
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Fire Policies Fire Suppression: ______________ effects on ecosystems that depend on _______ Fuel for future fires accumulates (___________________________). Suppressing small fires increases likelihood of larger, ________________ fires. Ex. Yellowstone National Park (1988) & Southern CA (2009) Prescribed Burns: Carefully _______________ burning helps to reduce fuel buildup and to restore ecosystems. ___________ burn out of control, but occasional _______________ frighten the public. Negative fire Limbs, Sticks & Lead Litter Dangerous Controlled Rarely Accidents
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Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003) The goal of the act was to make forests less ___________________ Encourages some _______________________ Promotes ____________________—removal of small trees, underbrush, and _________ (dead trees) by timber companies Fire Prone Prescribed Burns Salvage Logging Snags
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Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003) Harmful Seen as ___________ by many scientists and environmental advocates Salvage logging can slow forest _____________ and destroy ____________—habitat for wildlife. Critics say that it makes it easier to __________________________and does little to actually ______________ catastrophic fires Regrowth Snags Log national forests Reduce
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Sustainable Forestry Products
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Sustainable Forestry Products Independent organizations certify that wood products are produced ______________. The Forest __________________ Council (_______) has the __________ standards and most widely accepted certification process. Sustainably Stewardship FSC strictest
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Sustainable Forestry Products
Lesson 11.3 Forest Management Sustainable Forestry Products Certified wood costs _______ to produce, but will be ________________ by timber companies if there is __________. Some ________ improvement stores carry certified wood because ______________ have demanded it. More Supplied Demand Home Consumers Did You Know? In British Columbia, Canada, 70% of the annual timber harvest is certified.
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