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Chapter 1 Aboriginal Societies

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 1 Aboriginal Societies"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 1 Aboriginal Societies
Chapter Inquiry: Who are the diverse Aboriginal peoples who have contributed to the building of our country we now call Canada?

2 Walk-in-Assignment What is Culture? What makes my culture unique?

3 Cross-Cultural Understanding
The 3 cultures that come into contact with each other at the beginning of Canada’s history were the Aboriginal, French and British. These 3 groups had a great impact on Canada’s cultural identity today. Cross-Cultural understanding is the ability to understand other cultures and respect their perspectives and way of life. This has not always been the case in Canada. As you journey through Canada’s history you will discover that the ability to understand other cultures and respect their ways of life, has not always been honoured in Canada, and in fact led to conflict and war.

4 Key Concept – Culture Culture is a way of life or a way of being that is shared by a group of people. Culture includes knowledge, experiences, and values that a group shares and that shape the way its members see the world. Culture is an active part of our lives and our identities, it changes to reflect changes in our society. What things are part of YOUR culture?

5 CULTURE

6 Pluralistic Societies
Canada is a pluralistic society – we learn to value ALL cultures. Pluralism means that we respect and value the individual and collective opinions and identities of all people. This mutual respect encourages a democratic country. Long before Canada became a country, many First Nations and Inuit who lived here formed a pluralistic society – one in which each group had its own culture.

7 How is Pluralism Different from Multiculturalism?
Multiculturalism means… 1. of more than one culture: relating to, consisting of, or participating in the cultures of different countries, ethnic groups, or religions 2. supporting integration: advocating or encouraging the integration of people of different countries, ethnic groups, and religions into all areas of society Pluralism Means…We respect and value the identities of others and feel that minority groups within a society should maintain cultural differences, but share overall political and economic power.

8 What happens when we don’t respect other cultures?
This can lead to stereotyping of a particular group or even conflict. A Stereotype is… an oversimplified image of a person or group, that makes all of them seem the same. Example: All Canadians are good Hockey Players.

9 Ethnocentric? When groups of people don’t respect or value other cultures it is often because they are Ethnocentric. Ethnocentric is when you believe that your own ethnic group is superior than another group. Example: When Europeans arrived in North America, they believed their way of life was better than Aboriginal cultures. Ethnocentrism, the feeling that one's group has a way of living that is superior to those of other groups. It is a generalized dislike for members of other groups. Ethnocentrism may result in attitudes of superiority or sometimes hostility towards another group. Violence, discrimination, stereotyping, and verbal aggressiveness are other means whereby ethnocentrism may be expressed.

10 Pluralistic Societies
This chapter explores 3 of the groups who first lived here in what we now call Canada. Mi’kmaq (MIG-mah) Haudenosaunee (hah-duh-nuh-SAH-nee) Anishinabe (a-nih-shih-NAH-bee)

11 Page 5 THINK AHEAD

12 Values and viewpoints FOCUS:
What were some of the shared values and ways of life of the Mi’kmaq, Anishinabe, and Haudenosaunee? Values and viewpoints

13 Walk-in-Assignment What I already know about Aboriginal cultures is that… Something I would like to know more about Aboriginal Societies is…

14 Diversity Recall: First Nations in North America are a diverse peoples – they have different teachings about their history and origins. First Nations peoples have lived in all parts of the land we now call Canada. Each First Nation developed a unique culture suited to its surroundings in the Natural World – land, water, mountains, forests, plants, wildlife and climate.

15 World Views Core Values are important ideas or beliefs about how people should live. These values make up a world view – a way of looking at the world. The Anishinabe, Mi’kmaq, and Haudenosaunee believed in the following: People are not separate from nature Wisdom & experiences from elders is highly valued A spiritual world exists People must live in harmony with each other & nature Values are…standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable. Beliefs are...something that somebody believes in; a statement or principle that a person or group accepts as true.

16 Indigenous Peoples First Nations are indigenous to North America, meaning they are the original people of this land. Traditional Teachings are beliefs that have been passed on from generation to generation. They help to explain the relationships among the plants, animals, land, people and the spirit world.

17 Keepers of Knowledge Traditional teachings have been passed down orally from generation to generation by elders. Elders are traditionally the most respected members of aboriginal communities. Elders have helped people make good decisions.

18 What’s in a Name? When Europeans came to North America, they tended to be ethnocentric – they judged other cultures and ideas. The term ‘Indian’ is used incorrectly to refer to Aboriginal people - many people feel this does not respect their identity.

19 The Mi’kmaq of the East Coast
Hunter-Gatherers Lived in the woodlands and along seacoasts (Nova Scotia, PEI, New Brunswick) Hunters, fishers and gatherers Lived in small villages of extended families called clans – helped them to co-operate Each clan had specific territories for hunting and fishing Lived long and healthy lives Connection to Nature Close relationship with nature Believed in ‘kisulk’ the creator who put the people on earth Humans are equal to everything in nature Respected nature – never wasted resources Mi’kmaq Government Allowed people to live in harmony, get things done, and work together Solving Problems Each family clan had a local leader called a sagamaw (usually a good hunter) The land of the Mi’kmaq was divided into 7 districts A district leader and a council governed each district – settled disputes and divided land Created a Sante Mawiomi (Grand Council) to solve problems Making Decisions Decision making by consensus to solve problems Leaders were chosen for their ability to reach agreement among the people Role of Women Played important roles in their communities – raised the children, took care of the home, collected and prepared the food, and hunted small game Also had an important role in the government – women voiced their concerns in all matters

20 The Anishinabe Anishinabe World View
The Anishinabe live their lives according to 7 main values: Wisdom: to cherish knowledge Love: to know peace Respect: to honor all creation Bravery: to face foes Honesty: to face a situation Humility: to know yourself Truth: to know all these things Cycle of Life They were hunter-gathers Main crop was wild rice Called the rice manomin Their year revolved around the wild rice harvest Role of Women They believed in equality and balance Women were very important – they look after the children and maintain the lodge Hunted small animals such as birds, rabbits and porcupines Harvested a variety of wild fruits, berries, nuts, roots and wild rice Women tied together sections of tall stalks this was a way of claiming a portion of the harvest Solving Problems Had extended family clans for each lodge house – each clan took care of its own affairs Clans were bird, deer, bear, fish, marten, loon, and crane Each clan had a responsibility that would affect the entire nation. Some of these responsibilities were education, protection, food, medicine, and leadership Making Decisions Every clan had a chosen leader who has displayed courage, good character and skill. Hunting was his first skill. The loon and crane were the two leadership clans. When conflict happened, the fish clan helped settle them Crane were leaders outside the community, the loon were leaders inside the community.

21 The Haudenosaunee Haudenosaunee World View (name 6 groups)
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora Collective thinking, concern for future generations Decision making by consensus Everyone works and shares in the benefit of the work Duty to family, clan, nation and Iroquois Confederacy Everyone is equal no matter age or gender (equality) The Original Farmers Ate nuts, roots, berries and also hunted and fished Were the first Canadian farmers because where they lived the soil was fertile and the climate was mild The three sisters: corn, beans, squash Role of Women Head of each longhouse was a woman. Known as the Clan mother Woman owned all possession in the longhouse Were matrilineal (mother) Each clan had it’s own symbol Clan could not marry same from the same clan Women well respected for their ability to create life Haudenosaunee Government Formed alliances with other groups became the Iroquois Confederacy, which includes the five Haudenosaunee nations Before arrival of Europeans, five nations were at war. A peacemaker arrived and there was peace between the five nations 1715, Tuscarora became the sixth nation in the alliance Making Decisions Clan mothers chose the leaders who were usually men Women could veto any law that was passed Central council – met to discuss issues Consensus

22 Economies and Resources
Economy is the way in which people meet their basic needs (food, water, clothing, and shelter) It is the wealth and resources of a community (towns, cities, and countries all have economies), and it is based on the exchange of resources, goods, and services. For example: in Edmonton much of our economy is related to the oil industry. Alberta is lucky enough to have many natural resources. We are able to harvest these resources and “share” these resources through trade. The economies of the First Nations were based on the food supply (plentiful  scarce)

23 Hunter-Gatherer Economies
The people gathered plants, hunted and fished according to the seasons Hunter-gatherers moved their camps as the seasons and food supplies changed.

24 Farming Economies In regions where soil and weather are ideal for growing crops, farming economies developed. Farm communities did not move around like hunter-gatherer societies did. Farm communities were often able to grow more food than the community needed, so life was easier. As a result, people could produce arts and crafts that people could store and trade. Farming Nations often did a lot of trade with other First Nations.

25 Trading Networks First Nations traded goods all across North America long before European traders arrived. They traded with each other to obtain goods they did not have.

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