1. Vaccines
August 29, 2017

2. Bell Work
What type of degree is earned at a community college and requires approximately 2 years to complete?
How many years does a bachelor’s degree typically require?
What type of program is earned at a college or university and is 2 years past a bachelor degree?
What is the highest level degree possible and requires the most education?
What type of immunity is a vaccine?

3. Papers
Great Job!
If you have questions about your grade, please me or see me after class.
Review hierarchy of degrees

4. REVIEW
Three Types of Immunity
Stages of Disease

5. Stages of Disease Incubation stage Prodromal stage Acute stage
Declining stage
Convalescent stage
There are several stages in the disease process. In some illnesses, there are not clear definitions between the stages.

6. Immunity
able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products. 
Protection from infectious disease
Innate, Active and Passive
Further categorized as acquired naturally or passively
Immunity is defined as protection from infectious disease.

7. Innate Immunity Innate (Natural) Immunity:
It is the natural resistance components such as intact skin, salivary enzymes, and neutrophils, natural killer cells, which provide an initial response against infection that is present in an individual at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen.

8. Active Natural Immunity
Develops when body is exposed to pathogenic microorganisms
Microorganisms contain antigens (cell markers)
White blood cells develop antibodies
Antibodies protect during second exposure
An example of active natural immunity is when a person is infected with varicella. Varicella is the virus that causes chicken pox. The person gets sick, recovers, and never “catches” chicken pox again. The person had the disease and will never get this disease again due to the antibodies the person has.

9. Active Artificial Immunity
Develops when antigen is purposely introduced into body
Vaccine
Live, weakened, dead microorganism
Stimulates antibody formation without causing disease
Active artificial immunity occurs when a person receives a vaccine to produce immunity. An example includes the tetanus vaccine. After you receive the tetanus injection, you are protected against tetanus. The vaccine stimulated antibodies that will protect you from becoming ill.

10. Passive Natural Immunity
Develops when antibodies from mother cross placenta to fetus
Provide protection to fetus for several months
Additional antibodies are found in breastmilk
Passive natural immunity occurs when a mother gives birth and the newborn does not get ill for a short period of time. Passive immunity is short term. Another example of passive natural immunity is when a mother breastfeeds her infant. The child receives the mother’s antibodies through breast milk and will not become ill.

11. Passive Artificial Immunity
Develops when preformed antibodies from animal or human are then injected into an individual with known exposure
Antiserum provides temporary passive immunity
Helps in cases of exposure to rabies, botulism, venomous snake or spider bites, hepatitis, and diphtheria
Passive artificial immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are developed in an animal or human and are then injected into an individual with a known exposure. A person with a known exposure to hepatitis can be injected with gamma globulins to produce a short-term immunity to hepatitis A. The injection boosts the person’s immunity.

12. Standard
Assess the differences between healthcare associated infections and non-healthcare associated infections using examples drawn from mock case studies. Support explanations with relevant surveillance statistics, preventive measures, and methodologies concerning outbreak detection, management, and education.

13. By the end of class, Students will be able to:
Objective
By the end of class, Students will be able to:
Understand why we vaccinate and be able to give examples of vaccinations available.

14. Vaccines
Vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect infants, children and teens from potentially harmful diseases.
Vaccine-preventable diseases can be very serious, may require hospitalization, or even be deadly – especially in infants and young children.

15. Diseases for which vaccination is routinely recommended
Mumps
Pertussis/Whopping Cough
Pneumococcal disease
Polio
Rotavirus
Rubella
Tetanus
Varicella (chickenpox)
HPV
Diphtheria
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Influenza
Measles
Meningococcal disease

16. Vaccination 2017 Schedule
file:///C:/Users/richm/Desktop/School/Medical%20Therapuetics/standard%2 014/parent-version-schedule-7-18yrs.pdf

18. Why vaccinate?
The bottom line is that vaccines save lives According to a recent study led by the CDC, routine childhood vaccinations administered between 1994 and 2013 “will save 732,000 lives, prevent 322 million cases of illness and prevent 21 million hospitalizations, as well as save $1.38 trillion.”

19. Myth
Most diseases are nonexistent in the United States, so there is no real need to getting vaccinated.

20. Many diseases ARE common in other parts of the world.
Travelers can bring diseases into the United States and disease can spread QUICKLY.

21. Myth
Natural infection is better than vaccination.

22. There can be a high a price to pay for natural immunity:
Chickenpox infection can lead to pneumonia
Polio infection can cause permanent paralysis
Mumps infection can lead to deafness
Hib infection an result in permanent brain damage

23. We are protected through the dTap vaccination
Diphtheria: This is a picture of the throat of a child who has diphtheria. Notice the thick gray coating over the back of the throat. If not treated, this child could die from suffocation.
Diphtheria (dif-THEER-e-uh) is a serious bacterial infection usually affecting the mucous membranes of your nose and throat.
We are protected through the dTap vaccination
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

24. Diphtheria: This child has bullneck diphtheria.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

25. Haemophilus influenzae type b: This girl is hospitalized with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection shown here involving deep tissue of this girl’s face. Hib disease can also lead to brain damage, seizures, paralysis, hearing loss, and death.
Photo courtesy of the Children’s Immunization Project, Saint Paul, Minn.

26. Haemophilus influenza (H
Haemophilus influenza (H. influenzae) is an invasive bacterial infection that is exclusively a human pathogen spread by airborne droplets through sneezing or coughing, or by direct contact with secretions or fomites.
Invasive H. influenza type b (Hib) can cause severe illness, including meningitis and systemic, invasive disease in the bones and joints

28. Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A infection has caused this man’s skin and the whites of his eyes to turn yellow. Other symptoms of hepatitis A can include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, fever, headaches, and dark urine.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

30. Hepatitis B: This woman died from liver cancer four months after she arrived in a refugee resettlement camp in Thailand. The liver cancer was caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus.
Photo courtesy of Patricia Walker, M.D., Saint Paul, Minn.

32. Herpes Zoster (shingles): A dangerous complication of shingles infecting the eye which can lead to loss of vision. Without vaccination, approximately 30% of all people who have been infected with chickenpox will later develop shingles.
Photo courtesy of

33. Influenza: This photo shows how the influenza virus can spread through the air when someone coughs.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

34. Influenza: Photo of emergency hospital during the 1918 influenza pandemic, Camp Funston, Kansas. This pandemic killed at least 50 million people worldwide.
Photo courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

35. We are protected by the MMR vaccine
Measles: This child has a severe measles rash. He has red eyes, a runny nose, and a fever.
We are protected by the MMR vaccine
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

36. Measles: Boy with measles.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

37. Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus
Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. It typically starts with a few days of fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite, followed by swollen salivary glands.
We are protected by the MMR vaccine

38. Mumps: This child’s jaw and cheek are swollen from mumps
Mumps: This child’s jaw and cheek are swollen from mumps. Mumps can lead to painful swelling of the testicles in males (sometimes causing sterility), deafness, and brain damage.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

39. We are protected through the dTap vaccine
Pertussis: This child has pertussis (whooping cough). He has severe coughing spasms, which are often followed by a “whooping” sound. It is difficult for him to stop coughing and catch his breath.
We are protected through the dTap vaccine
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

40. Pertussis: This child has broken blood vessels in his eyes and bruising on his face because of coughing from pertussis.
Photo courtesy of Thomas Schlenker, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Officer, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

41. Pneumococcal disease: This is a photo of the brain of a person who died from pneumococcal meningitis. Note the purulence (pus) that covers the brain surface.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

42. Polio
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children.
The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.

43. Polio: This 1952 photo of a Los Angeles hospital respiratory ward shows polio victims in iron lungs — machines which were necessary to help victims breathe.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

44. Polio: This child has a severely deformed leg caused by polio.
Photo courtesy of the World Health Organization (WHO)

45. Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a contagious virus that can cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). Symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Infants and young children are most likely to get rotavirus disease.
They can become severely dehydrated and need to be hospitalized and can even die

46. Rotavirus: Doctor examining a child dehydrated from rotavirus infection. In developing countries, rotavirus causes approximately 600,000 deaths each year in children younger than age 5 years.
Photo courtesy of World Health Organization, photo credit Dr. D. Mahalanabis

47. Rubella
Rubella, sometimes called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The infection is usually mild with fever and rash.
Symptoms
Rubella usually causes the following symptoms in children:
Rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body
Low fever (less than 101 degrees)
These symptoms last 2 or 3 days.
Older children and adults may also have swollen glands and symptoms like a cold before the rash appears. Aching joints occur in many cases, especially among young women.
About half of the people who get rubella do not have symptoms.
Complications
Birth defects if acquired by a pregnant woman: deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and liver and spleen damage (at least a 20% chance of damage to the fetus if a woman is infected early in pregnancy)
Transmission
Spread by contact with an infected person, through coughing and sneezing

48. We are protected through the MMR vaccine
Rubella: This teenager has a rash from rubella. The rash is not as prominent as the measles rash and is often missed in diagnosis. Rubella in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage, severe heart defects, and blindness or deafness in their newborns.
We are protected through the MMR vaccine
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

49. Rubella: This infant was born with rubella
Rubella: This infant was born with rubella. Babies whose mothers were infected with rubella during pregnancy can be born with deafness, blindness, heart damage, and mental retardation.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

50. Tetanus
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful muscle contractions
Another name for tetanus is "lockjaw" because it often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow.
We are protected through the dTap vaccine

51. Tetanus: This baby has neonatal tetanus. His body is rigid
Tetanus: This baby has neonatal tetanus. His body is rigid. Infection can occur when the newly cut umbilical cord is exposed to dirt. Most newborns who get tetanus die.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

52. Tetanus: This person has tetanus
Tetanus: This person has tetanus. The muscles in his body are in spasm, making it nearly impossible for him to move.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

53. Varicella
Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella- zoster virus (VZV).
It causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. Chickenpox can be serious, especially in babies, adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
It spreads easily from infected people to others who have never had chickenpox or received the chickenpox vaccine.
Chickenpox spreads in the air through coughing or sneezing.
It can also be spread by touching or breathing in the virus particles that come from chickenpox blisters.

54. Varicella: This newborn has a secondary bacterial infection, which is a complication following infection with varicella (chickenpox). He contracted chickenpox from his infected mother.
Source: Unknown

55. Varicella: This photo shows the typical itchy chickenpox rash
Varicella: This photo shows the typical itchy chickenpox rash. There can be 500 sores or more.
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

56. Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Approximately 20 million people are currently infected with HPV. At least 50% of sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. Persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is associated with almost all cervical cancers.
It is also possible to have an active infection without any signs or symptoms
Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

57. NOVA VACCINE VIDEO