1. Section 6-7
1. Why does Unferth bring up Beowulf ’s swimming match with Brecca? How does Beowulf respond?
2. What is Welthow’s role in Herot? What does the narrator praise her for?
3. What is the significance of Hrothgar’s speech
4. What are Beowulf ’s thoughts as he waits for Grendel’s arrival?

2. Traits of an Epic and Epic Hero

3. Epics start in the middle – they often used flashbacks or a prologue
Characters have long monologues
The hero takes a journey to the underworld, either symbolically or literally
They have epic similes, also called Homeric similes
An extended simile that often runs through several lines, used typically in epic poetry to intensify the heroic stature of the subject and to serve as decoration
Traits of an Epic

4. Traits of an Epic Hero Unusual birth Leaves home and family
An event, sometimes traumatic, leads to an adventure or quest
Hero has a special weapon he wields/uses
He always has supernatural help
The hero must prove himself many times while on an adventure
Hero goes on a journey
The hero experiences atonement (asks for forgiveness)
When the hero dies, he is rewarded spiritually
Traits of an Epic Hero

5. The Stages of the Hero’s Journey (Attributed to Joseph Campbell)
The Ordinary World
Heroes live in a world that is considered ordinary or uneventful. This allows us to connect with the characters. Often, the heroes are considered odd in the ordinary world and have some ability or characteristic that makes them feel out of place.
Dorothy in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit
Simba at Pride Rock in The Lion King

6. The Call to Adventure
This sets the story rolling by disrupting the comfort of the Hero’s Ordinary World, presenting a challenge or quest that has to be undertaken. It throws the Ordinary World off balance.
Usually there is a discovery, event, or danger that starts them on the path – find a mystic object or discover their world is in danger.
The tornado in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Gandalf in The Hobbit

7. Refusal of the Quest/Call
A hero refuses the journey because of fears and insecurities that have surfaced from the Call to Adventure.
It communicates the risks involved in the journey that lies ahead.
The hero may refuse, but eventually the stakes will be so high that the hero must accept the call.
Simba refuses to return to Pride Rock and accept his destiny in The Lion King

8. Meeting the Mentor/Supernatural Aid
The hero meets a mentor to gain confidence, insight, advice, training, or magical gifts to overcome the initial fears and face the threshold of the adventure.
Mentor provides the essential lessons and training needed to face the journey’s tests or ordeals.
May be a physical person or an object such as a map, logbook, or hieroglyphics

9. Crossing the Threshold/Entering the Unknown
This signifies that the hero has finally committed to the journey.
The hero much confront an event that forces him to commit to entering the Special World, from which there is no turning back.
The hero must learn the rules of the world.
Dorothy must learn the rules of Oz in The Wizard of Oz
Neo must come to grips with the realities and unrealities of the Matrix in The Matrix

10. Tests, Allies, Enemies – Supernatural Aid
Our first look at the Special World and how its conditions and inhabitants contrast with the hero’s ordinary world.
The hero must find out who can be trusted
Preparing for greater tests to come
A character who has mastered the laws of the outside world helps the hero
Gandalf
Every hero needs a helper
Samwise Gamgee
Tin Woodsman, Scarecrow, Cowardly lion
Often heroes have special and often magical items that assist them on their quest
Ruby Slippers
The Ring

11. Approach to the Inmost Cave
The hero must make the preparations needed to get to the Central Ordeal
Maps reviewed, attacks planned, reconnaissance launched, or enemy’s forces whittled down
He may need to take a break before facing the Ordeal
Reorganize the depleted ranks, remember the dead and wounded, and rekindle the morale with a hero or mentor’s rally cry

12. The Ordeal
This is the obstacle the hero has journeyed so far to overcome – faces his greatest fear, confronts the most difficult challenge, and experiences “death”
Once this obstacle is overcome, the tension will be relieved – the worst is past
Mount Doom in The Lord of the Rings
Defeating the Wicked Witch in The Wizard of Oz

13. The Reward
After the Ordeal, the hero has earned the right to celebrate
Replenishes energy; gives the audience a moment to “catch its breath”
Hero is rewarded
Magical sword, elixir, greater knowledge or insight, reconciliation with a lover, a kingdom, hand of a princess, Holy Grail, etc.

14. The Road Back
A hero has to accept the Road Back – it may be difficult for the hero to return because of the successes in the other world
There must be an event that pushes the hero back to the ordinary world
May be an external or internal decision

15. The Resurrection The most dangerous meeting with death
The final life-and-death Ordeal – shows that the hero can apply all that he has learned in the Ordinary World
May be a physical Ordeal or a final showdown between the Hero and Shadow
Battle for the entire world or other lives
Hero must prove he has achieved Heroic Status and accept his sacrifice for the benefit of the world
Hero may have help, but he ultimately must win

16. Master of the Two Worlds/Return with the Elixir
The final reward
The hero returns with an elixir to share or use to heal a wounded land – an object or ability that allows them to save their land
The end of the journey
Heroes have grown in spirit and strength

17. Archetypes describe the function or role a character plays in a story – kind of like a mask a character wears in a particular scene
Think:
What is the character’s function on the Journey?
What is the character’s goal?
What action should the character take to achieve that goal?
Archetypes

18. Common Archetypes Heroes: Central figures in stories.
To serve and sacrifice
Shadows: Villains, enemies, or maybe the enemy within
To destroy
Mentors: The hero’s guide or guiding principles
To guide
Herald: The one who brings the Call to Adventure
To warn and challenge
Common Archetypes

19. Threshold Guardians: The forces that stand in the way at important turning points
To test
Shapeshifters: Creatures like vampires or werewolves who change shape – represents change
To question and deceive
Tricksters: Clowns and mischief makers
Allies: Characters who help the hero throughout the quest
Woman as Temptress: Sometimes a female character offers danger to a hero (femme fatale)
More Archetypes