1. The
American
Revolution:

2. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

3. Loyalist
Strongholds

4. Washington’s Headaches
Only ~ 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other 2/3 were Loyalists, and OR neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

5. Exports & Imports:

6. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

7. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

8. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

9. Bunker Hill 1st major battle of the revolution
Fought in the hills outside of Boston
America lost the battle but put up a tough fight
Significance
1st Battle & proved the Americans were determined to fight!!!

10. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

11. New York City in Flames (1776)

12. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

13. WRITE A PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING WHY

14. A modern-day re-enactment
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

15. Saratoga
Until this point, Americans had lost almost every battle of the war.
Americans defeated the British at the village of Saratoga, NY.
Considered the turning point because it convinced France to join the war on the American side.
Significance
Tuning point + France joined the war

16. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

17. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

18. LOYALIST V. PATRIOTS READ PAGE 107 ALOUD AND DISCUSS
LOYALIST V. PATRIOT QUESTIONS
CREATE A PAMPHLET DESIGNED TO PERSAUDE COLONISTS TO BE EITHER A LOYALIST OR PATRIOT
MUST BE COLORFUL AND PRETTY WITH FACTUAL INFO!

19. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

20. Yorktown Last battle of the revolution
General Washington defeated General Cornwallis at Yorktown, VA
Cornwallis surrendered the British Army
Significance
Ended the Revolutionary War

21. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

22. Some Effects of the American Revolution
Britain recognizes the United States as an independent nation
The Iroquois league is destroyed and Native Americans are pushed further west.
Ideas and Freedom and Natural rights to inspire some people to begin opposing slavery
Some begin to reexamine traditional ideas about roles in society
Ideas of the revolution influence other parts of the world
State draft new constitutions emphasizing limitations on governmental power

23. Why
did the British
Lose???

24. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

25. Treaty of Paris – 1783 1) United States was independent
Had six conditions
1) United States was independent
2) Its boundaries would be the Mississippi River on the west, Canada on the north, and Spanish Florida on the South
3) The United States would receive the right to fish off Canada’s Atlantic coast, near Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
4) Each side would repay debts it owed the other
5) The British would return any enslaved persons they had captured.
6) Congress would recommend that the states return any property they had seized from the Loyalists.
Neither side fully lived up to the treaty’s terms
Issues after War…
Change in ideas about government.
Republicanism – People would rule…government would obtain its power from the people, and be responsible to them.

26. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

27. The Articles of Confederation
Proposed by the second Continental Congress 1777 and went into effect in 1781 after all 13 states had ratified (approved) it.
Important part that the AOC’s reflected the colonist fears of a strong central government. Therefore we had a weak national government
The AOC’s were more like a treaty among all the states.
The AOC was a weak first attempt at government. They did accomplish a few good things.
1) Successful conclusion to the American Revolutionary War.
2) Negotiation of the treaty of Paris
3) Passage of a land ordinance which set a pattern by which new states could join the nation.
Northwest ordinance prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

28. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

29. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

30. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

31. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

32. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

33. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

34. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

35. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

36. State Claims to Western Lands

37. Land Ordinance of 1785

38. The United States in 1787

39. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

40. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

41. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

42. Shays’ Rebellion:

43. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington