1. Department of information studies infs 325 - public relations
lecturer: dr. musah adams
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

2. communication Definitions
It is a process of exchanging information, imparting ideas and making one’s self understood by others. It also includes understanding others in return.
It has also been defined “as the process by which a person, group or organisation transmit some type of information to another person, group or organisation”
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

3. DEFINTION CONT’D
It is a meaningful interaction among people so that thoughts are transferred from one person to another in such a manner that the meaning and the value of such thoughts is same in the minds of both the sender of the communication as well as the receiver of the communication
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

4. Reasons/goals of communication
Informing/education
Persuading
Motivating
Building mutual understanding
Information dissemination
Wednesday 9th Sept, 2015

5. Reasons/goals of communication cont’d
Expressing emotions/ideas
Building Relationships
Entertaining
Decision making
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

6. Theories of communication
SPANS FROM TRADITIONAL TO CONTEMPORARY
Two-step flow theory
Concentric-circle theory(Pollster Elmo Roper)
The communication theory of the late Pat Jackson emphasized “systematic investigation – setting clear strategic goals and identifying key stakeholders.” This encompass a five step process.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

7. Theories of communication CONT’D
Building awareness
Developing a latent readiness
Triggering the event
Intermediate behaviour
Behavioural change
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

8. The communication process model
THE S-E-M-D-R process, that is, Source, Encoder, Message, Decoder and Receiver which based on Shannon and Weaver’s communication model.
In its simplest form, communication has four elements: a source, a communication channel, a destination and a message.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

9. Components in the communication process
Source
Encoder
Message
Decoder
Receiver
Feedback
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

10. Categories of communication
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

11. Verbal communication CONT’D
TWO TYPES:
Oral Communication
Written Communication
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

12. Verbal communication
Oral Communication refers the spoken words in the communication process.
Can be face to face communication which is in the form of direct talk and conversation between the speaker and the listener when they are both physically present at the same place or Telephone/intercom system conversation or on the voice chat over the internet.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

13. ORAL COMMUNICATION CONT’D
ADVANTAGES:
Eliminates Ambiguity (Discussed and Clarified)
Rapid feedback
Conveys personal warmth and friendliness
Develops sense of belonging
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

14. ORAL COMMUNICATION CONT’D
DISADVANTAGES:
Language Barrier
When communication is too lengthy and distant
When information is statistical in nature
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

15. Verbal communication CONT’D
Written Communication means putting the message in writing and id generally in the form of instructions, letters, memos, formal reports, information about rules and regulations, policy manuals, information bulletins and so on.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

16. Written COMMUNICATION CONT’D
ADVANTAGES:
Addresses issues of evidence
When many persons must be contacted at the same time.
When transmitting lengthy statistical data.
When formal authority is to be exercised.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

17. Written COMMUNICATION CONT’D
DISAVANTAGES:
Very time consuming
No immediate feedback
No opportunity to clarify ambiguities
Confidential written material may leak out before time
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

18. Non – verbal communication
Has been defined as “… the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistic means, including kinesics (body language), facial expressions and eye contact, appearance, tactile, communication, space and territory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but non-linguistic cues), and the use of silence and time”
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

19. Non – verbal communication Cont’d
FUNCTIONS:
Manages our social and professional relationships
Helps present the self we want others to see
Conveys our mood/state of mind
Conveys interpersonal feelings
Supports our verbal message if we are speaking
Provides feedback, assurance etc if we are listening
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

20. Non – verbal communication Cont’d
Basic types of non-verbal communication include;
Kinesics-Body motion such as facial expressions, gestures etc
Physical Characteristics – Body shape, posture, height
weight, hair and so on
Polemics – position, orientation, space and physical contact
Paralanguage – voice quality, volume speech rate, choice of words, manner of speaking etc.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

21. Non – verbal communication CONT’d
Environment – Type of buildings where the office is, room design, furniture, interior decorating.
Time – being late or early for appointments, keeping others waiting and so on.
Dress – appropriate dress reflects the status symbol. Personalities are generally
communicated through dresses.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

22. Some nonverbal messages and their interpretations
Facial expressions
Frown – displeasure
Smile – friendliness
Raised eyebrows – disbelief, amazement
Biting lips – nervousness
Tuesday, September 18, 2018

23. Pointing finger – authority, displeasure
Gestures
Pointing finger – authority, displeasure
Arms at side – open to suggestions, relaxed
Hands on hips – anger, defensiveness
Voice
Shaky – nervousness
Broken – unprepared
Strong/clear - confident
Tuesday, September 18, 2018