1. The PNS Provides links to and from the external world and body
Comprised of all neural structures outside of the CNS
1) nerves-parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue wrappings; may contain blood vessels
May contain: afferent axons(sensory) , efferent axons (motor) or both (mixed)
Cranial nerves -emerge from the inferior part of the brain; innervate the head, neck and visceral organs of the trunk
Spinal nerves- emerge from the spinal chord; innervate skin, skeletal muscles and smooth muscle throughout the body, excluding the head.
2) ganglia-collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS dorsal root ganglia contain sensory (afferent) nerve cell bodies autonomic ganglia send efferent nerve fibers to ANS organs
3) sensory receptors-structures that are specialized to respond to changes in their environment; connect with afferent nerve fibers CNS
Cranial nerves from inferior portion of your brain.
Ganglia could be individual axons, or bundled ones. This is referring to bundled ones.

2. The PNS Fig 13.3 Epi – covers the entire nerve.
Peri – covers a bundle of nerve fibers.
Endo – covers individual nerve fiber.
Fig 13.3

3. Comprised of 2 functional divisions:
The PNS
Comprised of 2 functional divisions:
1) Sensory Division- carries sensory information towards the CNS (afferent pathway)
somatic-sensory receptors on skin and skeletal muscle and associated fibers and ganglia
visceral- sensory receptors on glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle and associated fibers and ganglia
sensory ganglia- clusters of cell bodies associated with the somatic and visceral sensory fibers; located in the dorsal root near spinal chord (dorsal root ganglia)
sensory receptors-specialized cellular structures that respond to changes in their environment (stimuli) may be specialized dendrites, neurons or specialized epithelial cells stimulation of sensory receptors results in transient changes in the membrane potential of the sensory membrane (receptor potential) that leads to generation of an afferent impulse (Action Potential) *different from ligand receptors (proteins in cell membranes)
Sensory and motor obviously. Basic organization.
Sensory receptors, mentioned a few are cellular structures, can be a whole cell, or extensions. Can be specialized dendrites, neurons, or specialized epithelial cells, very epithelial-like, but still sensory receptors. Obtain a stimulus, membrane changes membrane potential.
MUCH different from ligand membrane receptors.

4. Types of Sensory Receptors:
The PNS (con’t)
Types of Sensory Receptors:
1) Mechanoreceptors-stimulated by mechanical forces such as touch, stretch (proprioreceptors), vibration
2) Thermoreceptors- stimulated by temperature changes
3) Photoreceptors-stimulated by light
4) Chemoreceptors- respond to chemicals in solution
5) Nociceptors- respond to damaging stimuli that result in pain
Note: other sensory receptor types can result in pain if stimulated by a severe stimulus
Nocireceptors can be pressure changes, stimulated by chemicals as well. Damaging stimuli, and elicit pain.

5. The PNS: 2 functional divisions (con’t)
2) Motor Division- carries impulses away from the CNS to affector organs (efferent pathway)
somatic-motor neuron fibers that innervate skeletal muscle; cell bodies lie in CNS; neurotransmitter:
responsible for voluntary and reflex control of skeletal muscle
reflexes - rapid, predictable motor responses to a stimulus function: protection
occur over highly specific reflex paths called reflex arcs
Components of a reflex arc:
1) sensory receptor stimulus ) afferent impulse to CNS ) CNS integration ) motor neuron activated ) muscle fiber or organ response
Acetylcholine, voluntary control, also involves reflex control. Protection? Yes, if you touch something hot, your body reacts before you know it.

6. Components of a spinal reflex arc:
The PNS (con’t)
Components of a spinal reflex arc:
Small amount of integrations, one or two interneurons. Efferent pathway to the muscles. No ascending to the pathway.
Simplest reflex arc.

7. The PNS: 2 functional divisions (con’t)
2) Motor Division- carries impulses away from the CNS to affector organs (efferent pathway)
visceral -autonomic (ANS)- motor neuron fibers that innervate glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and associated ganglia neurotransmitters: EPINEPH, NOREPI, ACH
parasympathetic division- active in non-stressful situations; controls body’s maintenance functions (exs:digestion, breathing rate, BP)
sympathetic division- active in stressful situations including vigorous physical activity (exs: pounding heart, sweating, rapid breathing, blood vessel dilation)
Two autonomic branches, PARA/SYMP. A lot of them innervate similar organs, but have separate dominate roll on the body.

8. The PNS (con’t)
ACH released, then NE released at effector organ.
Epinephrine is not released as an NXT at an axon terminal, but released in PNS. (made in adrenal medulla). Goes in blood and stimulates major organs.
Parasympathetic only releases ACH in ganglion, and at the effector.
ACH always released at the ganglion in both sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Fig. 14.2

9. The ANS *read pp 525-528 (up to ANS Anatomy) Fig. 14.3
Remember this figure, easy to remember where the thoracolumbar etc is.
Fig. 14.3