1. Acids, Bases, and Solutions
Chapter 7—Mr. Kennedy
Acids, Bases, and Solutions

2. Understanding Solutions
What is a solution?
Solution-well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout
Composed of two parts
Solvent and Solute
Solute-Part of solution present in a lesser amount and dissolved by solvent
Solvent-Part of a solution that is present in the largest amount and dissolves solute

3. Understanding Solutions
What is a Solution?
Solute particles are too small to see
Solutions in Water
Water is the universal solvent
Water dissolves solutes in the body which allows nutrients to move throughout the body
Solutions without Water
Air
Antifreeze
Ocean Water

4. Understanding Solutions
Colloids and Suspensions
Colloid-mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out
Colloids contain larger particles than a solution
Particles are still large enough to scatter light
Suspension-mixture in which particles can be seen easily and separated by settling
Do not have same properties through out
Visible particles that are larger that particles in solution and colloids

5. Understanding Solutions
Effects of Solutes on Solvents
Solutes lower the freezing point and higher boiling point of a solvent
The particles of solutes prevents the solvent particles from freezing and boiling.
Examples
Antifreeze
Salt water-Fresh Water

6. Concentration and Solubility
Dilute Solution-mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it
Tree Sap
Concentrated Solution-mixture that has a lot of solute dissolved in it
Syrup

7. Concentration and Solubility
Changing Concentration
Changing the amount of solute changes the concentration of a mixture
Measuring Concentration
Comparison of amount of solute to the amount of solvent or the total amount of solution

8. Concentration and Solubility
Solubility-measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature
Saturated Solution-mixture that contains as much dissolved solute as is possible at a given temperature
Unsaturated Solution-mixture that contains less dissolved solute than is possible at a given temperature

9. Concentration and Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Pressure
Type of Solvent
Temperature

10. Concentration and Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Pressure
More gas can be dissolved into a solvent if there is a higher pressure on the gas
Example
Carbonated Drinks
Scuba Divers

11. Concentration and Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Solvents
Some solvents and solutes are not capable of mixing
Example
Oil and Water
Polar and Nonpolar Substance
Water-based Paint
Oil-based Paint

12. Concentration and Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Temperature
Changing the temperature of a solution can cause the solubility to change
As temperature change:
Increase temperature results in an increase of solubility
Decrease temperature results in a decrease of solubility
Example
Sugar Water
Supersaturated solution-mixture that has more dissolved solute than is predicted by it solubility at a given temperature.

13. Describing Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
Acid-substance that taste sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red
Sour Taste/Tart
Cherries
Tomatoes
Apples
Reactions with Metals
Corrosive-way in which acids reacts with some metals so as to eat away the metal

14. Describing Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
Reactions with Carbonates
Carbonates contain oxygen and carbon
Releases carbon dioxide
Example
Limestone
Reactions with Indicators
Indicator-compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base

15. Describing Acids and Bases
Properties of Bases
Base-substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turn red litmus paper blue
Bitter taste
Soap
Shampoo
Detergents
Slippery feel
Strong bases can irritate/burn you skin
Reactions with indicators
Litmus paper turns blue-base

16. Describing Acids and Bases
Properties of Bases
Other reactions of bases
Bases do not react with carbonates
Uses of Acids
Common uses for acid and bases?

17. Acids and Bases in Solution
Acids-any substance that produces hydrogen in water
Hydrogen ion (H+)-atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron
Bases-any substance that produces hydroxide ions in water
Hydroxide ion-negative ion of oxygen and hydrogen

18. Acids and Bases in Solutions
Strength of Acids and Bases
Measuring pH
pH scale-range of values used to expressed the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
Low pH-high concentration of hydrogen ions
High pH-high concentration of hydroxide ions
Pure Water has pH of 7.
Using Acids and Bases Safely

19. Acid-Base Reactions Acid-Base Reactions
Neutralization-reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a solution that is not as acidic or basic as a starting solution were
Reactants
Amount of neutralization depends on the amount of starting reactant
Product
Salt-ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of an acid with a base
In a neutralization reaction, the products of the acid and base are a salt and water.