1. Chapter 35
FDR in the shadow of war

2. Recognition for the Russians
In 1933
FDR finally formally recognized the Soviet Union as an official country
Roosevelt hoped that the U.S. could trade with the U.S.S.R. which would help the U.S. economy pull out of the Great Depression.

3. Big World Changes 1937 The result of Filipino Independence
America gave independence to the Filipinos
Too much financial liability (costs)
The result of Filipino Independence
Americans were freeing themselves of a liability (the expense of owning the territory)
America fell deeper into isolationism

4. Becoming a Good Neighbor
“Good Neighbor” Policy
FDR attempted to restore relations with Latin America that had been ruined in the first two decades of the 20th Century (The Roosevelt Corollary)

5. Storm-Cellar Isolationism
After World War I
Many autocratic dictators sprang up in Europe:
Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union
 Benito Mussolini of Italy
Adolph Hitler of Germany
Francisco Franco of Spain

6. European Dictators of the 1930s

7. Adolf Hitler
Hitler
The most dangerous of the Dictators (because of his ambition and influence)
great orator (speaker)
Led the German people out of the post-WW1 depression

8. Time Magazine’s 1938 Man of the Year?

9. Germany and Italy form the Axis
In 1936
Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in what they called the Rome-Berlin Axis.

10. Conquering Ethiopia In 1935
Mussolini attacked Ethiopia and conquered it
The League of Nations failed to take effective action against Italy’s aggressions

12. Neutrality in America Neutrality Acts in 1935-37
Passed by Congress
To prevent America from being sucked into war
Under the new law, America could not:
sell munitions to warring nations
trade with warring nations

13. Appeasing Hitler The League of Nations allowed Hitler to:
introduce mandatory military service in Germany
Begin to persecute Jews
Annex Austria
The European powers (Britain and France) appeased Hitler

15. Annexing Land After Hitler annexed Austria
He annexed a sliver of land in Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland
Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister) asked to meet with Hitler to find out his intentions were.
The meeting is set up in Munich, Germany

16. The Munich Agreement September 1938 Terms of the deal Hitler lied
Munich Conference
Neville Chamberlain (Prime Minister of Britain) and Hitler meet
Terms of the deal
Chamberlain agreed to let Hitler annex the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
Hitler Promised not to annex any more land in Europe
Hitler lied

17. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
August 1939
The Soviet Union (Stalin) and Germany sign the Non-Aggression Pact
Stated that Germany and Soviet Union would not attack each other
Hitler needed this agreement to ensure that the Soviet Union would not attack Germany from the East while he was focused on Western Germany.

18. The Blitzkrieg in Poland
Hitler invaded Poland with his new war tactic the Blitzkrieg (lightning war)
After Poland falls
France and Britain finally declared war against Germany
America remained neutral

24. Chamberlain Steps Down
After Chamberlain appeased Hitler, he was forced to resign.
Winston Churchill becomes the new Prime Minister of Britain

25. American Involvement?
Britain desperately needed American weapons to fight off Hitler, but The Neutrality Acts forbade the sale of arms to nations in war

26. Cash and Carry
Winston Churchill sent hundreds of letters to FDR to imploring him to get weapons to Britain to help fight off Hitler.
The new Neutrality Act of 1939
allowed European nations to buy weapons on a “cash-and-carry” basis
meant Europeans had to provide their own ships to carry the weapons and pay for them in cash

27. The Fall of France
May 1940
France falls to Hitler’s Nazis after the British and French were forced to retreat at the Battle of Dunkirk
All that stood between Hitler and the world was Britain:
if the English lost, Hitler would have all of Europe

32. Building American Defense
 FDR
Began to build its armed forces with expenses totaling more than $37 Billion
had Congress pass the first peacetime draft in U.S. history in 1940.
1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves would be trained.

33. Bolstering Britain’s Defense
Battle of Britain (1940)
Hitler launched air raids against the British
The British Royal Air Force (RAF) used radar (a new technology) stopped the Nazi’s in air combat.

44. FDR Acts
September 2, 1940
FDR boldly moved to transfer 50 old destroyers left over from WWI
In return the British promised to give the U.S. control of islands in the Caribbean that had been under British control.
This did not violate the Neutrality Acts because FDR was not selling weapons, he was trading them.

45. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
In 1940
FDR decided to run for a third term
Republicans- Wendell Willkie
FDR won by a close margin because most voters felt that he was the most qualified to lead the country in case of war

46. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Britain was running out of money and islands to trade.
The Lend-Lease Plan
“Lent” arms and ships to the nations that needed them (Britain and the USSR)
would be returned after the war (not really)
No debt incurred

47. Abandoning Neutrality
The Lend-Lease Act
Abandoned the neutrality policy
Hitler recognized this and orders German submarines to shooting at American ships

48. Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union
June 22, 1941
Hitler attacked Russia
Hitler assumed his “invincible” troops would crush the inferior Soviet soldiers
U.S. aid to the U.S.S.R. (through lend-lease), and an early and bitter winter stranded the German force
The Battle of Stalingrad turned the tide for the Soviets
Known as the turning point of the war in Europe.

51. The Atlantic Charter August 1941
The Atlantic Charter (Signed by Churchill and FDR)
There would be no territorial changes after war
Affirmed the right for people to choose their rulers (self-determination).
Disarmament of aggressive nations
The establishment of a “new” League of Nations
Freedom of the sea for all nations

52. Embargoing the Japanese
1940
Japan at war with China
America imposes embargoes on key supplies against Japan
Oil, steel, cotton
After the embargo, Japan had no choice but to either back off of China or attack the U.S.

53. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
Japanese air bombers suddenly attacked the naval base in Hawaii
Took out nearly the entire Pacific Fleet
killed or wounded 3,000 American soldiers

58. A Date of Infamy December 8, 1941 December 11, 1941
FDR gave his “a date which will live in infamy” speech
Asked for war with Japan
December 11, 1941
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

59. America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
Before Pearl Harbor:
Most Americans were isolationists
Afterwards
Most Americans wanted revenge