1. The Roman Military
& Ancient Tactics

2. Greek Origins
Hoplite phalanx
Citizen soldiers
Pay for own gear

3. Developing Tactics Mostly walls of men running into each other
Best men positioned on the right flank
Epaminondas of Thebes
Romans adopt the phalanx

4. Rome & the Phalanx B. of Caudine Forks – 321 BC New maniple formation
Hills of Italy
Romans pass under the yoke
New maniple formation
B. of Cynoscephalae
197 BC; Flamininus
Hills of Greece
Proves superiority of the maniple

5. The Marian Reforms Gaius Marius in 107 BC Before: After:
Only citizens with enough property could serve
Provided their own weapons & armor
Farming seasons limiting, levying a new army for each crisis
After:
Poor citizens; state provides arms; professional soldiers; standing armies; land grants for vets
Citizenship granted to auxiliaries after service

6. Auxiliaries Roman allies from Italy and across the empire
Legions lack cavalry, ranged fighters

7. Legionary Gear Gladius & Pugio Pilum Scutum Caligae Lorica Segmentata
Cingulum