1. Classic North American City Models

2. All Three Models
developed during the first 1/2 of the 20th century, a period of rapid urbanization in N. America
based on studies in Chicago (Burgess and Hoyt)
focus of the models is different types of land use

3. Concentric Zone Model, E.W. Burgess (1920s, Chicago)
argues that urban land use is best represented by a series of concentric circles
five distinct zones
CBD/nonresidential
zone in transition/poorest quality housing/immigrants/apartments
zone of workingmen's homes/2nd generation immigrant settlement
zone of 'better residences'/middle class
commuters' zone/high-class residential

4. Concentric Zone Model

5. Concentric Zone Model: Land Use Competition and Bid rent
the concentric pattern arises as land uses compete and are sorted according to ability to pay for land. As one moves toward the central city, land becomes scarcer but accessibility improves, the rent therefore increases, and land uses that cannot exact sufficient rent are sorted out. Similar activities are likely to be found at similar distances from the CBD.

7. Sector Model, H. Hoyt (1930s, Chicago)
model assumes the land use is conditioned by transportation routes radiating outward from the city center.
industrial, retailing, and residential districts extend out from the CBD like wedges
Hoyt saw the best housing extending north from Chicago along Lake Michigan

8. Hoyt Sector Model

9. Multiple Nuclei Model, C. D Harris and E. L
Multiple Nuclei Model, C.D Harris and E.L. Ullmann (1940s, early suburbanization)
model assumes that urban areas have more than one focal point influencing land use
land-use patterns are formed around several discrete nuclei that attract certain uses and repel others. These nuclei most often develop in response to the evolving transportation network. They form, for example, around major highway intersections and surrounding airports

10. Multiple Nuclei Model
These multiple nuclei may have arisen in one of two ways:
they were once separate settlements but were absorbed by growth of the urban area
they appeared as urban growth stimulated specialization and specialized centers outside the CBD, around which complementary uses then located
Residential land use develops in response to the influence of various nuclei

11. Multiple Nuclei Model

12. Changes in urban land use patterns in North America
Two of the most important changes:
inner cities that were once reserved for business and a ring of the poorest-quality housing are being "revived."
suburbs have taken on the roles more typically associated with the CBDs.

13. Transportation and urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Do you recognize aspects of the layout of your town or city that are remnants of past transportation eras? *

14. Elements that contribute to the two trends
- edge cities p.263
- the 'galactic city'/peripheral Model p. 263
- master-planned communities
- new urbanism p.275
- suburbanization of business
- high-tech corridors p.374
- gentrification p. 273
- technopoles p. 375

15. Located along freeways or beltways
“Edge cities” - suburban nodes: high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels - designed for auto travel -
Located along freeways or beltways
Philadelphia's Edge Cities
DISCUSSION:
* What are the elements required for a suburban area to be categorized as an "edge city"? *

16. Galactic City or Edge City Model

17. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why? *

18. Contemporary urban trends
Infill development (opposite of sprawl)
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"? *

19. Contemporary urban trends
“New Urbanism”
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"? *

20. Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization
Contemporary urban trends
Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization

21. Relevant vocabulary Teardowns and McMansions pg. 273
Boomburg – incremental development around highway or mall
Greenfield – previously undeveloped land site becomes a master planned community pg. 277
Brownfield – previously developed land left abandoned because of real or perceived env. contamination, could be subsequently rehabilitated and developed anew
Uptown – a settlement that predated urban expansion but may now be connected to large metropolitan area