1. Urban Geography
Chapter 9

2. When and Why did People Start Living in Cities?
Key Question:
When and Why did People Start Living in Cities?

3. Cities
City – a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

4. Urban:
The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm – the city and the surrounding environs connected to the city (the functional region).

5. Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

6. Shenzhen, China The Modern Process of Urbanization
a rural area can become urbanized quickly in the modern world
The tools and technologies needed for urbanization are already there.

7. Shenzhen, China
Shenzhen changed from a fishing village to a major metropolitan area in just 25 years. 25 years ago, all of this land was duck ponds and rice paddies.

8. The First Urban Revolution
Two components enable the formation of cities: 1. an agricultural surplus 2. social stratification (a leadership class) Answer: Why?

9. Five Hearths of Urbanization
Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE
Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE
Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE
Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

10. Five Hearths of Urbanization
In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

11. The Second Urban Revolution
A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

12. Industrialized regions of Europe, 1914

13. During the second half of the 20th century…
Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed so sites of factories changed
(much like our water factories turned to steam… where did they move? Why?)
Many factories have been abandoned, creating “rust belts” out of once-thriving industrial districts.
Duisburg, Germany

14. The US Rust Belt

15. Where are Cities Located and Why?
EQ 9.2
Where are Cities Located and Why?

16. US Major Cities: why are they there?

17. North Carolina Major Cities

18. Site and Situation Site Situation * absolute location of a city
* a city’s static location, often chosen for defense or religion.
Situation
* relative location of a city
* a city’s place in the region and the world around it.

19. Trade area
Trade area – an adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant.
AKA: Market area
People go to the Trade Area for the purpose of purchasing the goods they have to offer.
Burlington: Outlets
Morehead City: Seafood
Lexington: BarBQ
Green Country, Oklahoma

20. Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller developed a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed.
*Helps to explain profitable locations and patterns of settlement
Assumed: surface is flat with no physical barriers
soil fertility is the same everywhere
population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
region has uniform transportation network
from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

21. Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet
-Area surrounding the central place which are attractive for goods & services
Range of service
High order/low order goods

22. The Sunbelt

23. Sunbelt Phenomenon

24. Rank-Size Rule: For example: largest city = 12 million
In a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Vocabulary Check:
Urban hierarchy: The ranking order of cities in a state-largest to smallest. This usually coincides with their cost of living and standard of living.

25. Primate City
The leading city of a country. The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country.
For example:
London, UK
Mexico City, Mexico
Paris, France
NOTE: the rank-size rule does not work for a
country with a primate city

26. How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function?
EQ 9.3:
How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function?

27. Creating a city Create a city using the parameters provided.
When you complete your city, compare it to the models on page 277 and 279.
Somewhere on the map of your city, tell me which model is most similar to you city.
Also include a brief explanation of why you created your city that way.

28. Urban Morphology
The layout of a city, its physical form and structure.
Berlin, Germany
With wall (above)
And without wall (right)
What does the urban morphology of the city tell us?

29. Functional Zonation
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)
What does the functional zonation of the city tell us about the city?

30. Zones of the City Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

31. Modeling the North American City
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

32. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

33. Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

34. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

35. Hoyt’s Sector Model Focus on Residential Patterns
Hoyt recognizes the influence transportation has on different socio-economic groups.
Common for low-income households to be near railroad lines and commercial businesses. Why might this be?

36. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

37. Multiple Nuclei Model No clear single CBD.
Harris & Ullman
No clear single CBD.
CBD losing its dominant position.
Increased Car ownership
Related industries locate near each other.

38. Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of household renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

39. Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis illustrates the sector model.

40. Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig : The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

41. Urban Realms Model
Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework.

42. Urban Realm: the modern metropolis
Edge cities to the Urban Realm
Characterized by:
highways,
close to airports
retail and business

43. Edge Cities

44. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)
African City (de Blij model)
Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

45. Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford Model)
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

46. Disamenity sector – very poorest parts of the city eg
Disamenity sector – very poorest parts of the city eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

47. The African City (de Blij model)

48. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

49. How do People Make Cities?
EQ 9.4:
How do People Make Cities?

50. they create the cultural landscape of a city!
Powerful social and cultural forces shape the character of a city…
they create the cultural landscape of a city!

51. Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery (LDCs)
sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws

52. Slums, Ghettos, or Shanty towns or squatter settlements?
Slum: poor area of housing, overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.
Ghetto: poor area of housing that has specific ethnic and cultural connotations
Shantytown: are where people build what they can when they can. Often disorganized.
Squatter Settlement: where people live in housing they do not own. Usually illegal or unauthorized.

53. Making Cities in the Global Core (MDCs)
Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods.
The goal is to keep certain groups out.
Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight.”
White people moving away from the city to the suburbs.

54. Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses (usually in the central city) , raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood.
Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city.

55. Tear-downs – houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing it down to build a much larger home. McMansions – large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot. They are called McMansions because of their super size and their similar look, just like McDonalds.
Hinsdale, Illinois (25% of houses have been torn down in last 20 years).

56. Urban Sprawl
Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.
Henderson, Nevada

58. New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.
some geographers are concerned over privatization of public spaces
some are concerned that they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities
some believe they work against urban sprawl

59. Celebration, Florida

60. Celebration, Florida

61. Who are gated communities for?
How do the goals/purposes of gated communities differ across the world?

62. Ghettoization: creating an impoverished, neglected, or otherwise disadvantaged residential area of a city
What is the difference between ghettoization and gentrification?
How are the outcomes of ghettoization and gentrification similar?
What are the conflicts associated with both practices?

63. In pairs
Use your findings to design a project or solution to a major neighborhood problem in either a ghettoized or gentrified neighborhood.
Think of problems such as safety, trash accumulation, etc.

64. What Role do Cities Play in Globalization?
EQ 9.5
What Role do Cities Play in Globalization?

65. World Cities
Cities that function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy.

66. Spaces of Consumption
The transformation of the city into an entertainment district, where major corporations encourage the consumption of their goods and services. For example: Berlin, Germany New York City

67. Times Square New York City

68. World cities
Imagine you live in one of the world cities listed on p
Write an /letter to someone living in the country or suburbs.
You are trying to convince them of the benefits of moving to a world city.
Think about what your book says about world cities and use those as points of interest.