1. Homework HAND IN
Graph and analysis questions from rate of diffusion investigation.
Should be neatly presented in your lab book.

2. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
3.1.1
MONOMERS and POLYMERS

3. Polymers and Monomers 18/09/2018 Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
Explain what a monomer and polymer are.
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made.
Explain the concept of condensation and hydrolysis reactions in forming/breaking down polymers.

4. Definitions
Monomers are the smaller molecules from which larger molecules are made.
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of (identical or similar) monomers joined together by covalent bonds.
Learning Outcomes
Explain what a monomer and polymer are

5. On your whiteboards… What are the monomers of…. Proteins?
Long chain carbohydrates (such as cellulose and starch)?
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA?)

6. 1. Amino Acids
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and sometimes sulphur).
Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins (polymers) are formed.
There are 20 different, commonly occurring amino acids in living organisms.
Two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide.
Many amino acids join together to form a polypeptide.
A protein may consist of one or more polypeptides.
Amino Group
Carboxylic acid Group
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

7. 1. AMINO ACIDS

8. CONDENSATION REACTION
A reaction in which two molecules (monomers) are covalently bonded to each other to form a larger molecule (polymer) through the loss of a water molecule.

9. When two amino acids undergo a condensation reaction, a peptide bond is formed between them.

10. On your whiteboards…
Join the amino acids together in the order: alanine, glycine, threonine
THREONINE
GLYCINE
ALANINE

11. CArbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are small, soluble molecules that are easy to transport and are sweet to taste.
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

12. 2. monosaccharides αlpha glucose
These are simple sugars, and generally have a chemical formula that are multiples of CH2O.
An example of this is glucose, with the chemical formula C6H12O6.
Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers with hundreds to thousands monosaccharides joined together.
For example the polysaccharides cellulose, starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose.
αlpha glucose

13. Two forms of Glucose ISOMER
Any one of a set of molecules which have the same kind and number of atoms, but a different arrangement of those atoms.

14. POLYsaccharides (Carbohydrate polymers)
Starch (amylose and amylopectin)
Glycogen (shorter amylose chains with more branching)
Cellulose (beta-glucose)
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

15. Condensation and Hyrdolysis

16. 3.Nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids.
The nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of the following three molecules:
A five carbon sugar (pentose);
A phosphate group;
A nitrogen-containing organic base.
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

18. DNA and RNA
DNA consist of two polynucleotide strands whereas RNA consists of a single polynucleotide strand.
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

19. HYDROLYSIS
The breaking down of large molecules (polymers) into smaller ones (e.g. monomers) by the addition of water molecules.

20. On your whiteboards…
Write three word equations to show the build up of the three types of monomer looked at today into their respective polymers.

21. Past paper question