1. Macromolecules = Organic Compounds
Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Most Common Elements in living things: C, H, O, N, P, S
We will study:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

2. Building Blocks
Monomers (single units) are joined to build polymers

3. Carbohydrates: Functions
Major source of Energy (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
Structure in plant cell walls

4. Carbohydrates: Where are they found?
Wheat
Breads
Pasta
Sugars (candy, cakes, etc.)
Fruits
Vegetables
Most are plant-based

5. Carbohydrates: Elements and Building Blocks
Structure: 5 or 6 carbon ring
Elements: C, H, O
Monomers – monosaccharide
(1 ring sugar)
ex: glucose C6H12O6

6. Carbohydrates: Examples and Diagrams
5 or 6 sided
rings!
Sugars: Glucose

7. Polymer=monomers bonded together
Polymers = polysaccharide
(multi-ring sugar)
- glycogen (animal-stored energy in the liver)
- starch (plant-stored energy)
- cellulose (plant cell walls)
- chitin (in exoskeleton or shell or insects)

8. Function: Lipids (fats) Stores energy for later use
Insulate the body to keep you warm
Build cell membrane structure
Wax on leaves: protective coating
Steroids: hormones/cholesterol

9. Location: Where do I find Lipids?
Foods: butter, oils, salad dressing
Plants: in the seeds
Animals: in the connective tissues
Cells: Cell membrane

10. Structure of Lipids Elements: C, H, O
Large non-polar molecules that DO NOT dissolve in water. Why?

11. Building Blocks Monomers – fatty acids and glycerol
Polymers – triglycerides (commonly fats, oils, waxes), phospholipids, steroids

12. Polymers of Lipids Triglycerides Saturated: animal fat Solid
Phospholipids
Saturated:
animal fat
Solid
Unsaturated:
Plant oil
liquids

13. Polymer of Lipids: Phosopholipid
Hydrophobic

14. Proteins Functions: Builds strong muscles
Collagen builds strong bones and connective tissue
Keratin builds strong skin, hair, and nails
Antibodies fight disease
Transport oxygen in blood in hemoglobin
ENZYMES reduce the time needed for reaction to start

15. Proteins Location: Where do I get proteins?
Animal products: meat, fish, dairy, eggs

16. Structural Proteins and Functional Proteins
Some proteins are structural and provide support in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.
Fig. 2-21

17. Proteins: Building Blocks
Elements: C, H, O, N, S
Monomers – Amino Acids (20 kinds)

19. Protein Polymer
Polymers: Polypeptides (long chain of amino acids bonded together)

20. Protein Structure:
A protein is made of 1 or more polypeptides bonded together
chains are bent and folded(due to hydrogen bonding)

21. Protein Structure
Each protein has a special shape which determines its function
Temperature and pH changes the protein’s shape so it doesn’t work anymore(denatured)

22. Enzymes
Lock and Key Model

23. Nucleic acids Function: Store and transmit genetic information
Tells cells when and what proteins to make

24. Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONP

25. Monomer of Nucleic Acid: Nucleotide
All nucleotides have three parts.
1) A five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2) A phosphate group
3) A nitrogen-containing molecule called a base

26. Polymer – DNA/RNA

27. “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Now you know why they just call it DNA!

28. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double strand of nucleotides
Contains the genetic code of cell
Found in nucleus
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T) (apple tree)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

29. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Single strand Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

30. 4 Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

31. Enzyme Notes: Chemical Reactions
changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products)
Activation Energy
energy needed to start a reaction
Catalyst
speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
Ex: enzymes

32. Enzymes Enzyme: protein that acts as a catalyst
Substrate: reactant in enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Active Site: location on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

34. Each enzyme functions at an optimal temperature and pH