1. otherwise known as Genetic Expression.
Protein Synthesis
otherwise known as Genetic Expression.
The thrilling transformation from a simple DNA code to highly complex polypeptide.

2. First step: Review. Basics of DNA and RNA

3. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous
Bases
Sugar-Phosphate
Backbone

4. Complementary DNA Strands…

5. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

6. Converting from DNA to RNA…
Remember, you must create nucleic acids from 5’-3’. So to make an RNA that can be read correctly we have to use the lagging strand as the template.

7. Wait…there’s something new here!!

9. mRNA – Messenger RNA

10. mRNA
Messenger RNA: a molecule that carries messages from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
this molecule is able to bring instructions from the DNA to the ribosome where proteins are made.

11. tRNA – Transfer/Translation RNA

12. tRNA
Transfer (translation) RNA: a molecule that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
this molecule is able translate the DNA message delivered by the mRNA.
mRNA
Protein
tRna

13. rRNA
Ribosome

14. rRNA
Ribosomal RNA: a molecule that builds proteins using DNA instructions delivered by the mRNA and translated by tRNA.

15. rRNA: follows recipe from DNA; builds proteins using amino acids
mRNA: contains protein recipes from DNA
tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome to make proteins

16. Second Step: More review. Basics of Protein

17. Amino Acids: the monomer of proteins

19. Protein: polymer built of amino acids

20. Protein Synthesis
A two step process

21. Protein Synthesis
Transcription

22. Transcription Initiation: Start creating mRNA
Elongation: Make the mRNA longer
Termination: Finish making mRNA

23. Anatomy of the newly created mRNA
A mRNA molecule is a nucleic acid and is therefore a series of nucleotides.
mRNA nucleotides are always grouped in sets of three and are read 5’-3’.
AAA CGU AUC UAC UUU ACA AGG GUA
Each group of three nucleotides on an mRNA strand is known as a CODON. 5’ 3’

24. Protein Synthesis
Translation

25. A.P.E. Translation A-site: First tRNA binding site
P-site: Holds growing polypeptide chain
E-site: Exit site for tRNA 5’ 3’

26. For every CODON there is an
Anti-CODON.