1. C-Notes: Chemistry of Living Things (Biochemistry)
Stnd: BI.1h
C-Notes: Chemistry of Living Things (Biochemistry)
9/3-4/13
SWBAT understand and apply the principles of chemistry in cells found in organisms, that are made from a small collection of simple precursors.
Objective:

2. All chemical processes takes place inside the cell of any organism.
What are the properties of biochemical compounds that makes it essential for life?
All chemical processes takes place inside the cell of any organism.
The cell is made up of:
Atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons)
Elements (92 found on the P.T.)
Compounds (2 or more elements combine chemically)
Inorganic ( No Carbon and hydrogen)
Organic ( has carbon and hydrogen)
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
Molecules (atoms joined together)

3. The Periodic Table of Elements

4. Most Common Elements Element Symbol Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Sulfur S
Phosphorus P
Magnesium Mg
Iodine I
Iron Fe
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Chlorine Cl
Potassium K
Zinc Zn
Most Common Elements

5. What are the organic molecules found in living things?
What are polymers?
AKA Macromolecules
4 types found in Living things:
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats & oil)
Proteins (enzymes & cellular structures)
Nucleic Acid (genetic info: DNA & RNA)
**Most macromolecules are Polymers**
Are long-chains of repeating units (Monomers)
Ex: glucose-glucose-glucose = Glycogen
[monomer]-[monomer]-[monomer]=[polymer]

6. Macromolecules Precursors (building blocks)
What are the simple precursors (building blocks) for the macromolecules?
Macromolecules Precursors (building blocks)
1. Carbohydrates  Monosaccharaides
2. Lipids  Fatty acids + glycerol
3. Proteins  Amino Acids
4. Nucleic Acid  Nucleotide
(base + sugar + phosphate)
**Macromolecules are Polymers
(chain-like molecules) built from Monomers**

7. What are Carbohydrates? Functions:
Energy Storage (Starch & Glycogen)
Cellular Structure (Cellulose & Chitin)
Structure:
Monosaccharaides (simple sugar)
(building blocks of carbohydrates)
Ex: Glucose
fructose
Disaccharides (2 simple sugar combine)
Ex: Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Polysaccharides
Ex: Glycogen, Starch & Cellulose

10. What are Lipids? Includes : Fats and Oil Are insoluble in water.
Function:
Long-term energy storage
Any extra food not used for energy is changed into fat & stored
Cellular structure
Thermoregulation
Cushion organs
Cell (plasma) Membrane
Hormones
Structure:
Monomer
fatty acids + glycerol (building block of lipids)
Polymer
Saturated fats (animals)
Unsaturated fats (plants)
Phospholipids
Steroids

12. Nucleotides (building blocks of Nucleic acids)
What are Nucleic Acid?
Two types:
DNA
Makes up genes and is involved in heredity (carries genetic info)
RNA
Involved in making proteins
Structure:
Nucleotides (building blocks of Nucleic acids)
Sugar
Nitrogen Bases
Phosphate Group

14. What are Proteins?
Involved in making:
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Hemoglobin
Also help repair damaged cells and cell growth
You can recognize proteins b/c it ends in –in
ex: hemoglobin- oxygen transport
myoglobin-oxygen storage
Pepsin-digestion of food
Insulin-regulate blood sugar
Actin/Myosin-contraction/extension of muscle fibers
Myelin- nerve function
Structures:
long chains of Amino Acids (20 found in living things)  polypeptide chain.
Can be joined together in any sequence and combination
Because of this, protein structures are DIFFERENT b/c of DIFFERENT numbers and sequence of AMINO ACIDS.
**it’s function depends on how many amino acids and what type of amino acids are joined together**