1. Biochemistry: Macromolecules and enzymes
General Biology

2. Macromolecules A. What are they? 1. __________________________________
1. __________________________________
_______________________________________
2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________.
Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the body
monomers
polymer

3. Monomers
Polymers

4. Types of Macromolecules AKA Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

5. Organic Molecules Carbon C Hydrogen H Nitrogen N Oxygen O
These are the 4 elements that are in organic molecules. Not every organic molecule will have them all, but will have some of them.
On your whiteboard, write the letter to the following question about organic molecules.

6. Macromolecules B. Carbohydrates 1. Monomer: ____________________
2. Polymer: _____________________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ___________________
5. Examples: ________________
monosaccharide (sugar)
polysaccharide (starch)
rings of carbon with
oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O
energy, plant structure
sucrose, cellullose

7. Examples of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccarides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

8. Macromolecules C. Lipids 1. Monomer: __________
2. Polymer: ___________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ________________________
5. Examples: ____________________
fatty acid
lipid or fat
3 long chains of carbon
hydrogen on a glycerol molecule
energy, structure, warmth
fat, oil, cholesterol

9. Examples of Lipids

10. III. Macromolecules D. Protein 1. Monomer: _______________
2. Polymer: _____________________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ________________________
5. Examples: ____________________
amino acid (20)
protein or polypeptide
central carbon atom with
hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups
structure, emergency energy
skin, insulin, enzymes

11. Examples of Proteins

12. III. Macromolecules E. Nucleic Acids 1. Monomer: _______________
2. Polymer: ___________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ___________________
5. Examples: _______________
nucleotide (5)
nucleic acid
5-carbon sugar attached
to nitrogen base and phosphate group
stores genetic code
DNA and RNA

13. Examples of Nucleic Acids

14. IV. ATP adenosine triphosphate A. ATP stands for _____________________
B. Cells use ATP as a __________________
C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates
D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________
E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released.
F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use.
rechargeable battery 3
the second and third phosphates

15. Example of ATP

16. V. Enzymes
speed up
Special proteins that chemical reactions and sometimes or other proteins (aka substrates).
build up
break down

17. V. Enzymes
1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started.
2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.
activation energy

18. Induced fit model A. Induced fit enzyme
The substrate is forced into the active site of the enzyme.

19. V. Enzymes B. Lock-and-Key Model
1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).
2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme.
enzyme specificity
key
lock

20. V. Enzymes: Lock and Key model

21. V. Enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes
1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.
2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach
3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.
If an enzyme doesn’t have its optimal environment, it becomes .
Temperature pH
Concentration
denatured