1. DNA to PROTEIN CHAPTER 12
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

2. DNA: replication and protein synthesis

3. Where have we seen DNA being replicated?
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

4. Building blocks of DNA: Nucleotides

5. The sugar
Deoxyribose
The phosphate

6. Why are these called nitrogenous bases?
The nitrogenous bases
The Purines
Why are these called nitrogenous bases?

7. How are the pyrimidines different from the purines?
The nitrogenous bases
The Pyrimidines
How are the pyrimidines different from the purines?

8. Four different Nucleotides
BASIC STRUCTURE

9. DNA is a polymer formed by base pairing: Base pairing rule
A pairs with T
C pairs with G

10. The Double Helix
The overall shape of DNA is described as a double helix (a twisted ladder).
What force holds the two strands together?

11. How are DNA and RNA similar?
DNA is composed of nucleotides and RNA is composed of nucleotides

12. How are DNA and RNA different?

13. How are DNA and RNA different?
Nucleotides = deoxyribose sugar
Double helix structure
Stays inside nucleus
RNA…
Nuleotides = ribose sugar
Single-strand structure
Located both inside and outside of nucleus
Uracil instead of thymine

14. DNA Replication
ANIMATION
ANIMATION DETAILED

15. Enzymes involved in DNA replication
Helicase – opens the double helix to allow for replication
DNA polymerase – reads the original DNA strand and lays down complementary bases
Ligase – glues the newly formed DNA together

16. DNA replication practice
You are DNA polymerase. Helicase has opened the DNA strand – read each side and produce the complementary copies.
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A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A T
T C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A

17. Do # 9 IN YOUR NOTES TO PRACTICE BASE PAIRING RULES AGAIN
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A G T C C G T T A G T
T C A G G C A A T C A

18. Protein Synthesis= transcription and translation
DNA contains all the information for your traits – the genes
These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus
Copies can be made though – a messenger

19. Genotype  Phenotype DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN
Transcription Translation

20. Transcription mRNA – stands for messenger RNA
it is the copy of the DNA message for making a protein
Occurs in the nucleus
Promoter region on DNA marks where transription should start and terminator region marks where it should stop

21. mRNA Transcribes DNA message and carries it to ribosome
RNA polymerse is the enzyme that produces it (#8 in notes)
CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION

22. mRNA
No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with ____?
Do #11 in notes

23. tRNA Once mRNA is made it attaches to a ribosome
tRNA = transfer RNA and they carry amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (remember?)

24. Translation Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Click here to see mRNA and tRNA work together at that ribosome to build a protein

26. Codon = mRNA Anti-codon = tRNA

28. Let’s Review DNA Structure is a _____ ______
DNA is composed of __________ What are four that make up DNA? A T C G

29. Figure 12–5 DNA Nucleotides
Section 12-1
Purines
Pyrimidines
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose

30. Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA
Section 12-1
Nucleotide
Hydrogen bonds
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

31. Use your text to complete the diagram and provide written details for the process shown

32. Bring amino acids to ribosome
Concept Map
Section 12-3
RNA
can be
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
mRNA
Carry instructions
rRNA
Combine
with proteins
tRNA
Bring amino acids to ribosome
from to
to make up
DNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes

33. Figure 12–14 Transcription
Section 12-3
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA polymerase
DNA
RNA

34. Figure 12–20 Chromosomal Mutations
Section 12-4
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation