1. p. 51 - MACROMOLECULES Carbon-based molecules
Found in all living things
Building blocks of cells
Made up of the elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S)

2. There are 4 major macromolecules:
Carbohydrates  CHO
Lipids  CHO
Proteins  CHONS
Nucleic Acids  CHONP
In many macromolecules, small molecules are subunits of an entire molecule, like links in a chain or beads in a necklace
Monomer = 1 subunit (like a bead in a necklace)
Polymer = molecule formed by linking monomers (the whole necklace put together)

3. Prefixes
“mono” = one
“poly” = many

4. p. 52 – Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Function: Provides short-term energy
Foods: breads, cereals, vegetables, fruits, & seeds
Glucose is a common monosaccharide.
Glucose = C6H12O6
Glucose

5. Many monosaccharides linked together make a polysaccharide
Polysaccharide = polymer of monosaccharides
Starches, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides.

6. Types of Carbs Starch – food storage in plants
Cellulose – structural support found in cell walls of plant cells (makes veggies crunchy)
Glycogen – food storage in animals

7. p. 53 – Lipids Monomer: fatty acid
Functions: provides and stores energy (long-term), cushions the body, and prevents heat loss
Found in butter, margarine, oils
Made of fatty acid molecules that consist of two distinct regions:
a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
a hydrophilic head

8. Lipids Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a lipid that has a ring structure.
Steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, are also lipids.
Lipids include saturated and unsaturated fats.

9. Saturated Fats Contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
Completely saturated with (has lots of) hydrogen
Solid at room temperature (butter, lard, coconut oil, chocolate)
Found in animal products
Reduce Intake!  can clog blood vessels

10. Unsaturated Fats Contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds
Contains fewer hydrogen atoms
Typically liquid at room temperature (oils, nuts, & avocado)
Found in plant products
Better for you than saturated fats!

11. Molecular structures of Fats
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat

12. Lipids hate water = hydrophobic!!

13. DNA Structure discovery
James Watson and Francis Crick with DNA Model in 1953.

14. p. 55 – Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotides composed of three parts
Phosphate group
Sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)
Base – there are 5 bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil)
Function: stores genetic information
There are two types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

15. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring
Structure: double-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  deoxyribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Thymine

16. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
RNA helps the DNA send messages throughout the cell
Structure: single-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  ribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Uracil

17. Nitrogenous Bases

18. p. 54 – Proteins Monomer: amino acid (there are 20 common ones)
Function: provides structure, builds muscles, repairs body tissues
Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc.
Foods high in protein: meat, eggs, poultry, milk & milk products, nuts, dried beans, peas, & lentils

19. Peptide Bonds
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.
Polypeptide = polymer of protein
Water is released as a side product of forming the peptide bond.

20. Proteins Primary Structure The very basic strand of amino acids
Secondary Structure
The hydrogen-bond interaction among strands of amino acids giving alpha helices and beta-sheets shapes .

21. Proteins Interaction between alpha helices and beta-sheets.
Tertiary Structure
Interaction between alpha helices and beta-sheets.
These protein domains allow folding for small globular proteins.
Quaternary Structure
Small globular proteins form protein aggregates.
A famous example is hemoglobin.

22. Protein Structures

23. Protein Structures (Cont’d)

24. Macromolecules parts of the cell Membrane

25. p. 56 – Homework
You only have 4 possible answers that can fill in the blanks:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids