1. Organic compounds of life
Macromolecules
Organic compounds of life

2. Macromolecule
A large, complex molecule made up of repeating subunits (also called a polymer)
Poly = many
The repeating subunits are known as monomers (mono = one)

3. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids The Chemicals of Life

4. CARBOHYDRATES Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
General Formula: (CH2O)n
Subunit: saccharides (different types of sugars)
Monosacharides, disaccarides, polysaccharides

5. CARBOHYDRATES Examples Uses Sugars – fruits and some vegetables
Starches – bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice
Uses
Immediate energy
Cell walls are composed of cellulose (chains of glucose)
Found in cell membranes

6. LIPIDS Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
Subunits: fatty-acid chains and glycerol
Triglycerides are called fats if they are solid at room temp, and oils if they are liquid at room temp
Examples: fats (butter), oils (vegetable, olive, etc), and waxes (like candles or the coating on leaves)

7. LIPIDS
Uses
Long-term energy storage (MUCH more energy than carbs); good for hibernation and to keep you warm
Important component of the cell membrane (phospholipids)
Steroids (like cholesterol and hormones)
Protects against water loss and injury

8. PROTEINS Uses *Enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen (CHON)
Subunits: amino acids bound by PEPTIDE bonds
Examples: meat, eggs, fish, nuts, and beans
Uses
*Enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions
Component of the cell membrane and other organelles within the cells, as well as skin/hair/ nails
Muscle movement
Regulates hormones

9. PROTEINS Levels of structure Primary – amino acids
Secondary – alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary – globular (ex: hemoglobin)
Quaternary – 2+ proteins joined together

10. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP)
Subunit: nucleotides
Function: Store and transmit genetic information
Examples
DNA – the genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring
RNA – plays important role in the production of proteins
ATP (energy) – a nucleotide with three phosphate groups

11. How Monomers Become Polymers
Dehydration synthesis: water is removed when two monomers come together to form a polymer HO H
H2O HO H

12. How Polymers Become Monomers
Hydrolysis: water is added to a polymer to divide it into its monomers (ex: digestion)