2. What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest component of all living and nonliving materials.
It is composed of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-).

3. The Periodic Table Elements are composed of all of one type of atom.
Elements are located on the periodic table by atomic number.
Important Elements:
H-Hydrogen, C-Carbon, O-Oxygen, N-Nitrogen, S-Sulfur, Cl-Chlorine, and P-Phosphorus

5. What is a compound?
A compound is a combination of two or more elements. All compounds are also molecules.
A subscript indicates how many atoms of each element there are.
Ex: H2O
2 Hydrogen Oxygen

6. Check for understanding:
Ex: Glucose C6H12O6
Is glucose an atom, element, or compound?
What elements are found in glucose?
How many of each atom are there?

7. Inorganic vs. Organic
Living organisms need both organic and inorganic compounds!
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen together. They may contain carbon but no hydrogen or vice versa.
Ex: CO2, H2O, NaCl (salt), and many acids and bases.

8. Inorganic vs. Organic
Organic compounds do contain carbon and hydrogen together.
Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (enzymes), and Nucleic Acids

9. Why is carbon so important?

10. Why is carbon so important?

11. Check for understanding:
Identify the following molecules as inorganic or organic. Be prepared to explain how you know.

12. Inorganic or Organic?

13. H2SO4
Inorganic or Organic?

14. Inorganic or Organic?

15. Inorganic or Organic?

16. CH4
Inorganic or Organic?

17. Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Organisms are composed of 80-90% water. It is used regulate temperature in humans, and used to dissolve important minerals.
Most abundant or common inorganic molecule!

18. Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Salts are partially composed of metals. They help electrical impulses travel through vertebrate organisms.
Ex: NaCl-Sodium (Na) is a metal!!

19. Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids and Bases (pH)
It is important to maintain pH in certain parts of the body for them to function properly..
Ex: Your stomach needs to be acidic to digest food. Your blood must be neutral because it travels through the entire body.

20. pH (Power of Hydrogen)
Acids have a pH between 0-6. They have a high concentration of H+ ions.
Ex: HCl
Bases have a pH between They have a high concentration of OH- ions.
Ex: NaOH
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

21. Buffers
Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a certain range.
Maintain pH!

22. pH Scale
Neutral
Acids
Bases 7 14

23. pH Virtual Lab In your notebook, draw the following chart.
Solution pH (estimate) pH Acid/Neutral/Base 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

24. Organic Macromolecules

25. What is a macromolecule?
Living organisms are partially made of large organic molecules.
Monomers → Polymers (macromolecules)
****Monomers are subunits or building
blocks of polymers.
Ex: Bead = monomer
Necklace = polymer/macromolecule
***Now come up with your own!!

26. Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
(usually in a ration of 1:2:1)
Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6), bread, pasta,
fruit, and sugars.
Monomers: Monosaccharides
Polymers: Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
Function: Immediate energy

27. Three Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides-simple sugars like glucose, galactose, or fructose.
Disaccharides-sugars composed of two monosaccharides like sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Polysaccharides-complex sugars. (3 or more monosaccharides put together.)

28. Important polysaccharides:
Glycogen- Animals store excess carbs in the liver and muscle as glycogen.
Starch- Plants store excess carbs as starches, usually in the roots.
Cellulose- Plants use cellulose to build cell walls for support/structure.

29. Carbohydrates Structure
Monosaccharides:
Disaccharides:
Polysaccharides:
Glucose

30. Check for understanding:
What type of carbohydrate is the following molecule?

31. Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
Examples: Fats, oil, waxes, phospholipids, triglycerides, and butter.
Made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
(Not true monomers bc they don’t repeat.)

32. Structure of a Lipid/Triglyceride
3 Fatty Acids
Glycerol

33. Lipids cont’d Functions: Long term energy storage.
Make up cell membranes (phospholipids)
Insulation in animals (ex: blubber)
Waterproof coating
-In water dwelling animals
-Cuticle in plants to keep in water.
Steroids-are chemical messengers.

34. Properties of Lipids
Lipids are not soluble in water b/c they do not mix with H2O.
Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated.
(saturated= solid, unsaturated= liquid)
Ex: saturated-butter
unsaturated-olive oil

35. Nucleic Acids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
and Phosphorus
Monomers: Nucleotides
(sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
*Diagram on next slide-leave room
Polymers: Nucleic Acids (ex: DNA & RNA)
Functions:
Store and transmit genetic information (heredity).
Instructions for making proteins.

36. Structure of a nucleotide:
Phosphate
Nitrogen
Base
Sugar

37. Two Types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- contains the sugar deoxyribose and is double stranded.
Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)-contains the sugar ribose and is single stranded.
Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

38. Nucleotide
DNA

39. Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
Examples: fish, meats, and eggs
Monomers: Amino Acids joined by a peptide
bond
(*20 different amino acids)
Polymers: Proteins AKA polypeptide

40. Proteins cont’d... Functions: Some are used to form bones and muscles.
Lots of different functions, bc of the 20 different amino acids being organized in different ways!!!!
Proteins cont’d...
Functions:
Some are used to form bones and muscles.
Act as enzymes: control the rate of reactions.
Transport materials
ex: Protein channels of cell membrane
(transport)
Hemoglobin-carries oxygen in the blood
Insulin-regulates blood sugar levels
Regulate cell processes
Ex: Hormones

41. Protein Structure
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond

42. Indicators
Indicators are used to identify if a solution contains a macromolecule (carbs, lipid, or protein).
It will change color to represent a positive result!

43. Indicators cont’d... Carbohydrates Benedict's Solution:
Tests for monosaccharides (Ex: Glucose)
Light blue to an orange/green color
*Put in warm water!
2. Iodine/Lugol's Solution:
Test for complex polysaccharides
(Ex: Starch)
Amber/yellow color to blackish blue

44. Indicators cont’d... Proteins 3. Biuret’s Solution:
Blue to a purple color
Lipids
4. Brown Paper Bag Test:
Leaves a greasy stain on the bag after drying.
*No test for nucleic acids!

45. Indicators cont’d... Iodine/Lugol’s Benedict’s Brown Paper Bag
Biuret’s