1. Proteins 1 2 3 Types Function/Example
Carbon
Compounds
include
Which are made of
which contain
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
(e.g., DNA/RNA)
Proteins
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen,
Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process in cells. 1 2 3
Types
Function/Example
Enzymatic
Acceleration of chemical reactions
E.g., digestive enzymes, cellular respiration
Structural
Collagen & elastin, keratin in hair and nails
Transport
Transport of other substances
E.g., hemoglobin transports O2 to cells
Hormonal
Cellular communication
E.g., insulin secreted by the pancreas
Contractile
Movement
E.g. actin and myosin in muscle cells
Defensive
Protect against disease
E.g., antibodies combat viruses and bacteria
main function
main function
main function
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
ENERGY
STORAGE
CATALYSIS
&
STRUCTURE
/SUPPORT
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
short-term
long-term

2. Proteins and their subunits
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Amino Acid Structure
Any one of the 20 different
side-chains
Amino Group
Carboxyl (acid) Group

3. Proteins and their subunits Examples of amino acids
Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18

4. Proteins and their subunits
20 Major Amino Acids
8 are considered
“essential” (must obtain through diet)
1. Phenylalanine
2. Valine
3. Threonine
4. Tryptophan
5. Isoleucine
6. Methionine
7. Leucine
8. Lysine
The other 12
1. Glycine Glutaimine
2. Alanine Histidine
3. Proline Tyrosine
4. Serine Aspartic acid
5. Cysteine Glutamic acid
6. Asparagine 12. Arginine
Types of Amino Acids
Nonpolar
Polar
Acidic
Basic
Amino acids each have their own unique chemical properties.
Some dissolve in water – some do not.
This is essential for transport and storage.

5. + Making and Breaking Proteins
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
- a special covalent bond found in proteins +
H2O
Dipeptide
Peptide bond

6. Making and Breaking Proteins
Condensation
two amino acids join (dipeptide)
a peptide bond is formed
a water molecule is formed
Hydrolysis
water is added
a peptide bond is broken
amino acids are split apart
A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
Gly
Lys
Phe
Arg
Ser
Peptide Bonds
-COOH
end
H2N-
end

7. Making and Breaking Proteins
A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
Gly
Lys
Phe
Arg
Ser
-COOH
end
H2N-
end
Peptide Bonds
The type of protein is determined by:
1. sequence of polypeptides
2. orientation in space
3. 3-D shape

8. 4 Levels of Protein Structure
Try to note the differences in the 4 levels of protein structure as you watch the video

9. Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding.
Four levels of protein structure:
Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding.
Secondary - simple folding create simple structures.
Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures.
Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger
structure.
Sulfhydryl (-SH) functional groups
can form disulfide (-S-S) bonds which contribute to a proteins tertiary structure.

10. Hemoglobin Carries oxygen in the blood
- It's made up of 4 specific 3D subunits
Proper protein function depends
on correct 3D structure.
Any change in the primary structure
can cause the protein to fold differently.
A different shape can lead to a
different function
(or lack of proper function).
Sickle cell anemia is an example.

11. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides. 1 2 3
Which are made of
which contain
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
(e.g., DNA/RNA)
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Nucleic acids carry genetic information
2 Types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
main function
main function
main function
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
ENERGY
STORAGE
short-term
long-term

12. DNA RNA Types of Nucleic Acids 1
Long-term storage of hereditary information
Carries genetic instructions or “blueprints” for building parts of the cell
Segments of DNA are responsible for carrying genes (genetic information), have structural purposes, or regulate the use of genetic information 1
RNA
Involved in the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA into proteins
Protein synthesis (the process of making proteins) is carried out by organelles called ribosomes, which take “instructions” from RNA
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
short-term

13. Nucleic Acid Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU61gluXhW0
While watching the video try to note the monomers of DNA and RNA. What are the differences between the 2 molecules?

14. DNA & RNA Nucleotide O O=P-O Phosphate Group N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Sugar
Nitrogen base
(A, G, C, or T/U)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose
or ribose)

15. DNA Double Helix 1 “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogen Base (A,T,G or C)
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
short-term

16. DNA Nitrogen Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES
3. Thimine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)
A or G
U or C

17. RNA Nitrogen Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES
3. Uracil (U)
4. Cytosine (C)
A or G
U or C

18. Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine
DNA
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine T A G C

20. Hydrogen bonds P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

22. DNA Structure Compared to RNA Structure
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Bases
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
Strands
Double stranded with base paring
Single stranded
Helix
Yes No

23. Homework
Make a table summarizing proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Your table should include:
Monomers
Polymer
Some functions of the polymer
Examples