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Nucleic Acids Function: Examples: Structure:

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Presentation on theme: "Nucleic Acids Function: Examples: Structure:"— Presentation transcript:

1 Nucleic Acids Function: Examples: Structure:
store & transmit hereditary information Examples: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Structure: monomers = nucleotides

2 Nucleotides 3 parts pentose sugar (5C) nitrogen base (C-N ring)
ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA PO4 group

3 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different Nitrogen bases
purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U)

4 Building the polymer

5 Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO4 bond phosphodiester bond
new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Why is this important?

6 RNA & DNA RNA DNA single nucleotide chain double nucleotide chain
N bases bond in pairs across chains spiraled in a double helix double helix 1st proposed as structure of DNA in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick (just celebrated 50th anniversary!)

7 Pairing of nucleotides
Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds The 2 strands are complementary. One becomes the template of the other & each can be a template to recreate the whole molecule. Why is this important?

8 Information polymer Function like the letters of a book
series of bases encodes information like the letters of a book stored information is passed from parent to offspring need to copy accurately stored information = genes genetic information All other biomolecules we spoke about served physical or chemical functions. DNA & RNA are information storage molecules. DNA well-suited for an information storage molecule: chemically stable stores information in the varying sequence of nucleotides (the genetic code) its coded sequence can be copied exactly by the synthesis of complementary strands; easily unzipped & re-zipped without damage (weak H bonds) damage to one strand can be repaired by addition of bases that match the complementary strand

9 Isn’t this a great illustration!?

10 Why is it important that the strands are bonded by H bonds?
DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds = biology’s weak bond • easy to unzip double helix for replication and then re-zip for storage • easy to unzip to “read” gene and then re-zip for storage Why is it important that the strands are bonded by H bonds?

11 Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary
have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole why is this a good system? when in the life of a cell does replication occur? when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system? mitosis meiosis

12 Interesting note… Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule
2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds biotech procedures more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands high T° organisms many G-C parasites many A-T (don’t know why) At the foundation of biology is chemistry!!

13 Another interesting note…
ATP Adenosine triphosphate modified nucleotide adenine ribose + Pi + Pi + Pi + +

14 Macromolecule Review

15 Carbohydrates Structure / monomer Function Examples monosaccharide
energy raw materials energy storage structural compounds Examples glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond

16 Lipids Structure / building block Function Examples
glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains Function energy storage membranes hormones Examples fat, phospholipids, steroids ester bond (in a fat)

17 Proteins Structure / monomer Function Examples amino acids
levels of structure Function enzymes u defense transport u structure signals u receptors Examples digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond

18 Nucleic acids Structure / monomer Function Examples nucleotide
information storage & transfer Examples DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond

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