1. Chapter 3
Biochemistry

2. Section 1: Carbon Compounds
Objectives:
Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

3. Carbon Bonding Organic compounds- contain carbon
Inorganic-do not contain carbon
Carbon has the unique ability to form 4 covalent bonds.

4. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers (smaller simpler molecules) are the building blocks of organic compounds.
Polymers are formed by bonding two or more monomers together.
Condensation – loss of H2O to form a bond.
Hydrolysis – adding water to break a bond.

5. Energy Sources
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)= the energy that is stored in chemical bonds that the cell uses as energy
Composed of 1 adenine, 1 ribose (which is adenosine) and 3 phosphates
Quick energy for the cell

6. By the time you get 3 phosphates together there is a large force that wants them apart (energy)
Cell uses a phosphate and ATP turns into ADP until another phosphate is added.

8. Section 2: Molecules of Life
Objectives:
Distinguish between carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

9. Carbohydrates
Organic compound composed of C, H, O; ratio is 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
Ex) Sugars, starches and cellulose (in plants)
Monomer: Glucose (sugar) C6H12O6
Monosaccharide – 1 sugar
Disaccharide- 2 sugars
Polysaccharide – chain of many monosaccharides

10. Purpose of Carbohydrates
Starch= plants use them to store food (seeds/bulbs)
Glycogen= form of glucose that mammals store from food (in the liver)
Cellulose= forms in plants cell walls (for support)

11. Proteins Organic compound made up of mostly C, H, O, N.
Monomer – amino acids
Polymer formed by bonding two or more of the 20 known amino acids.
Peptide bond holds the amino acids together.
Proteins vary in shape and size more than any other organic molecule.

12. Protein Molecule

13. Examples and Importance of Proteins
Muscles –Contracting; movement
Hemoglobin - Transporting oxygen
Antibodies and White blood cells - Providing immunity

14. Enzymes are proteins that are found in living things
b. Changes the rate at which chemical reactions occur

15. Lipids – fats, oils & waxes
Lipids are a polymer formed by bonding fatty acids and glycerol (monomers)
Elements: C,H, and O; ratio is different than that of carbohydrates.
Nonpolar – this makes them insoluble in water.

16. Uses of Lipids Fats are not bad! Used in energy storage Insulation
Protective coverings in animals and plants

17. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are a polymer that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Monomer:Nucleotides
Nucleotide is made from a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

18. Two types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – DNA
Ribonucleic Acid – RNA.
They contain the hereditary code and the code for making proteins.