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1 The Chemistry of Life
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Organic Chemistry Study of Compounds that contain Carbon.
2 Organic Chemistry Study of Compounds that contain Carbon. Why is carbon so interesting? Carbon has the ability to form more compounds than any other element.
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4 Pure Carbon Molecules Diamond Graphite
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What are we composed of? 5 Atoms Compounds Macromolecules Cell Nucleus
DNA Ribosomes Endomembrane Organelles Elements Covalent bonds Carbon compounds Functional groups Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acid
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What are we composed of? -We have structure-
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Macromolecules of Life
7 Macromolecules of Life 4 basic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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8 Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates Provide energy to living cells. Main Source of energy.
10 Carbohydrates Provide energy to living cells. Main Source of energy. Structural Components: CHO 1:2:1 ratio The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.
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Vocabulary 11 Monomer- Single unit Polymer- many units
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This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul. 12 JOKE BREAK
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C6H12O6 Monosaccharides one sugar unit “Saccharide” means sugar. 13
Ex: Galactose-milk C6H12O6 “Saccharide” means sugar.
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14 What molecule will this make? Disacchrides two sugars
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Condensation and Hydrolysis
15 Condensation: two monomers come together and one molecule of water is formed WATER Forms
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Hydrolysis 16 “water splitting”
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Polysaccharides “Many sugars”
17 “Many sugars” Glycogen (pictured) Glycogen functions as a fuel store in animals. -Large amounts are stored in liver and muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals.
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Starch is the fuel stored in plants
23 19 Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells are visible as small dots.
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Plant Cell Walls 20 Cellulose found in plant cell walls.
Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants. 20
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21 LIPIDS
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Lipids Two main Functions
22 Lipids Two main Functions Energy Storage more energy than carbohydrates Cushions and insulates the body and nerves Examples: Fats, Oils, Waxes
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23 Structure of Lipids Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains
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Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains
24 Structure of Lipids Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains
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Cell membranes are made of phospholipids
26 Lipids Cell membranes are made of phospholipids
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27 Proteins
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Proteins Functions Transport molecules Storage molecules
28 Functions Transport molecules Hemoglobin transports oxygen Storage molecules Iron stored in the liver in a protein complex Mechanical support Skin and bones contain collagen Antibodies in the immune system Hormones Clip
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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur
Elements in Proteins 29 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur
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Proteins are chains of amino acids
30 Proteins are chains of amino acids
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31 PROTEINS CLIP
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Sickle Cell Anemia: The incorrect amino acid sequence in a protein may lead to fatal consequences. For example, the inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of the beta - protein chain out of 146. 32
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Enzymes They are catalysts! Are Proteins speed up chemical reactions
34 Are Proteins speed up chemical reactions These reactions would take place anyway…enzymes just speed them up! They are catalysts!
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Substrates molecules that bind to specific enzymes to make them work Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme called the active site. It is like a lock-and-key mechanism. 35
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Once substrates have reached the transition state, they react spontaneously. Substrate
molecules must collide with a minimum amount of energy to reach the transition state. This amount of energy is called the activation energy. It is like traveling over a hill. The lower the hill, the less energy it takes to get to the top, and the faster you can go over it. The higher the hill, the more energy it takes to get to the top, and the longer it will take you to go over it. It takes less energy to boost reactants to the transition state of a lower energy hill. The reaction will proceed more rapidly.
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37 Binding Specificity Enzymes can only bind to certain molecules
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How fast or slow the enzyme works depends on:
48 How fast or slow the enzyme works depends on: the concentration of the enzyme. pH Temperature
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39 Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotides consist of a
40 Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar and a "nitrogeneous base." There are four types of nitrogeneous base.
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EOCT PRACTICE QUESTION
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Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures of 2° C to 7° C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures.
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