1. Graduate Presentations
Apr 19
Mike Sherman
Apr 21
Danica Nelson
Aleksander Skardal
Curtis Lee
Apr 24
Seth Hills
Ben Christensen
Jungkym Kim
9/18/2018

2. Medical Adhesives and Sealants
Frequently, presenters must deliver material of a technical nature to an audience unfamiliar with the topic or vocabulary. The material may be complex or heavy with detail. To present technical material effectively, use the following guidelines from Dale Carnegie Training®.
Consider the amount of time available and prepare to organize your material. Narrow your topic. Divide your presentation into clear segments. Follow a logical progression. Maintain your focus throughout. Close the presentation with a summary, repetition of the key steps, or a logical conclusion.
Keep your audience in mind at all times. For example, be sure data is clear and information is relevant. Keep the level of detail and vocabulary appropriate for the audience. Use visuals to support key points or steps. Keep alert to the needs of your listeners, and you will have a more receptive audience.
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3. Adhesion
Definition:
The state at which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces, which may consist of all known chemical attractive forces, as well as mechanical interlocking action or both.
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4. Adhesive
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment (performance).
A general term that includes cement, glue, mucilage and paste.
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5. Sealant
A material applied to a joint in paste or liquid form that hardens or cures in place, forming a barrier against gas or liquid entry.
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6. Adhesives and Sealants-Biomaterials?
Join components of medical devices-Mechanical fastening;
Prevent corrosion;
Fill space – smooth contours-joining prosthesis to bone;
Wound sealing & closure
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7. Adhesive Materials can be classified in a number of ways:
Natural or synthetic polymer base;
Thermoplastic or thermosets;
Physical form (one or multiple component, films, etc)
Functional type (structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive;
Chemical families (epoxy, silicone, etc.)
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8. General Considerations in the Application of Adhesive Bonding
When applied adhesives have to 'wet' the surface;
They need to be mobile and flow into all the tiny surface features of the substrate;
If the adhesive does not wet the substrate well, poor adhesion is likely to be the result;
Once good wetting takes place, an adhesive needs to become solid and not flow at all. This is called setting or curing (polymerization); and,
Positional indication (imaging).
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9. Adhesive Joint Breaking strength is determined by:
Mechanical properties of the materials of the joint;
The extent of the interfacial contact (number, extent, type and distribution of voids);
Presence of internal stresses;
The joint geometry; and,
The details of mechanical loading.
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10. Adhesives are Polymers
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Available as solids, liquids and pastes and most can be supported by films of various thickness.
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11. Adhesives
Acrylics
Epoxies
Polyurethanes
Silicones
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12. Bonding Mechanisms Mechanical Interlocking;
Formation of covalent bonds across the interface;
Electrostatic attraction-dominant
Forces are not significant beyond 0.5 nm-therefore contact is necessary
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13. Surface Treatment No treatment (low cost poor reproducibility);
Solvent wiping;
Vapor degreasing;
Mechanical abrasion;
Plasma treatment;
Etching;
Chemical deposition-primers, organosilanes
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14. Modes of Failure Structural failure Adhesive failure Cohesive failure
A uniform stress pattern in an adhesive joint is seldom produced by the application of external force.
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15. Urethanes Urethane polymerization-diisocyanate and a diol or diamine
Condensation polymerization;
Two part system- mix, spread and cure;
Flexible joint and sealing agent.
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16. Poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA
R-Group
Bone Cement
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17. Selection of the starting monomers
C4-C12-alkyl acrylates supply the initial adhesion owing to the low glass transition temperature (Tg).
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18. Cure Profile of Condensation versus Addition Polymerization
Condensation polymer
Degree of Cure >
Time
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19. Methyl 2- cyanopropanoate
R-Group
Methyl -cyanoacrylate monomer polymerizes in the presence of trace amounts of almost any electron-donor compound (the initiator) by anionic vinyl polymerization, examples include water, alcohols, amines, carboxylate ions, and electron rich olefins.
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20. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or acetone serve as removers.
Medical grade products currently available contain either butyl, isobutyl or octyl esters. They are bacteriostatic and painless to apply, break down harmlessly in tissue by hydrolysis and are essentially inert once dry.
Butyl products are rigid when dry, but provide a strong bond; octyl products are more flexible when dry, but produce a weaker bond.
Histoacryl Blue (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) has been used extensively for a variety of surgical applications including middle ear surgery, bone and cartilage grafts, repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and skin closure -- adhesives appear are basically safe.
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or acetone serve as removers.
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21. The Market
The global medical and surgical sealant market is $542 million and growing rapidly (19% annually), driven particularly in the U.S.
Adhesives and sealants are a critical component of medical devices.
As medical devices become smaller and more complex, greater demands are being made on the materials and components used in them.
Medical devices are being exported from the U.S. to foreign countries at an increasing rate.
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22. Considerations speed of application;
This is an area where UV-curable adhesives have made the strongest technological advances of any of the newer technologies currently on the market.
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23. Light Cure Systems
Designed for high speed cure on demand medical product assembly;
Solvent free; and,
Wide range of viscosities designed for automated dispensing
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24. Light Cure Adhesives
consist essentially of low or medium molecular weight resins (called oligomers), monofunctional or multifunctional monomers, photoinitiators and/or photosensitisers;
wavelengths of nm.
typically 5-15 seconds at mW/cm2 is sufficient for curing adhesive
visible light curing materials (e.g. resins used in dental restoration or for bonding and sealing photo-optic devices) can be cured with blue light (wavelength = 470nm).
9/18/2018

25. Typical Applications
Bonding latex balloon onto PVC lumen in catheters.
Bonding high pressure latex balloons onto urethane lumens in high pressure catheters, catheters for angioplasty, thermodilution, or foley catheters.
Bond needle to tubing in winged infusion sets
Hypodermic needle.
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26. Flexible Adhesive Applications
Bonding/sealing tracheal tubes made of silicone rubber.
Bonding/sealing extruded silicone parts, colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy bags and appliances.
Sealing of inflators.
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27. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Arcylics on PET
Labels-many medical devices require a label that can be printed after the adhesive has been applied and/or can be written on after application to the device.
Adhesive tapes for attaching equipment drapes in sterile environment applications.
Lidding-effective protective barrier against contamination for storage or shipping;
EKG electrode bonding;
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28. Surgical Drapes
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29. Benefits of Adhesives Joins dissimilar materials
Even stress distribution
Fills large gaps
Seals and bonds
Easily automated
Aesthetically acceptable
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30. Limitations of Adhesives
Requires cure
Requires fixture time
Can be messy
Requires chemicals in plant
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31. Substrate versatility Rapid cure Adhesion to polyolefins with primers
Chemistry
Benefits
Limitations
Typical Applications
Cyanoacrylate
Substrate versatility Rapid cure Adhesion to polyolefins with primers
Thermoplastic resin when cured Poor peel strength, rigid Refrigeration required
Catheter components Tube-set bonding Polyolefin bonding
Light-Curable Acrylic
Substrate versatility Good resistance properties Cure on demand
Capital expenditure for light-cure equipment
Needle assembly Anesthesia masks Heat exchangers Oxygenators Tube-set bonding
Epoxy
Substrate versatility Superior thermal and chemical resistance Low shrinkage High gap filling
Poor peel strength, rigid Exothermic reaction Two-part systems require mixing
Needle assembly Deep section potting
Polyurethane
Substrate versatility High peel Good resistance properties
Moisture sensitivity Primers required for some substrates Two-part systems require mixing
Deep section potting Bonding of tips onto various components
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32. Applications in Dentristry
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33. ADHESIVE DENTISTRY Indications
Replace carious and fractured tooth structure.
Fill erosion or abrasion defects.
Correct unaesthetic shapes, positions, dimensions, or shades.
Cement crowns.
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34. Indications-continued
Bond orthodontic brackets.
Treat hypersensitivity.
Repair fractured porcelain, amalgam, and resin restorations.
Core build up foundations.
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35. Sealants 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds 2. Apply sealant
1. Etch enamel           
3. Light cure     
PREVENTIVE DENTAL MATERIALS
To prevent disease or injury to the teeth and supporting tissues
Flouride gels, pit and fissure sealants, mouth protectors
TOPICAL APPLICATION OF FLOURIDE
Acidulated phosphate-flouride gels (Na and H flouride & orthophosphoric acid)
Reduction in dentalcaries of approx 40% were observed in 2 studies of 2 years’ duration in which the gel was applied annually.
PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS
A reduction in smooth surface caries has been accomplished by:
Flouridation of communal water supplies
topical application of fluoride during enamel development
individual plaque control programs.
84% of dental caries in children ages 5 to 17 involve pits
The purpose of the pit and fissure sealant is to penetrate all cracks, pits and fissures on the occlusal surfaces of both deciduous and permanent teeth to seal off these susceptible areas.
Most commercial pit and fissure sealants are:
- BIS-GMA (bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate)
- Urethane dimethacrylate
Chemistry similar to that of the dental composites
Very fluid to penetrate the pits and fissures and etched areas on enamel
37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds
Courtesy of 3M Dental
Products
9/18/2018

36. Enamel surface etched with 35% and 10% phosphoric acid gels for 15 and 60 seconds. Areas with preferential removal of prism core material and the prism peripheries relatively intact (SEM X2000).
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37. Enamel surface etched with 10% maleic acid gel for 15 seconds
Enamel surface etched with 10% maleic acid gel for 15 seconds. The apatite crystals were partially removed from the prism core, but the type I etching pattern may be observed (SEM X2000)
9/18/2018

38. Enamel surface etched with 10% maleic acid gel for 60 seconds
Enamel surface etched with 10% maleic acid gel for 60 seconds. The topographical view of the prism core structure is similar to the etching patterns produced by 35% and 10% phosphoric acid gels (SEM X2000).
9/18/2018

39. Glass-ionomers
Most commonly referred to as glass ionomer cements (GIC's).
These are materials which consist of an aqueous polyacrylate and a fluoroaluminosilicate glass.
These set by an acid-base reaction in the presence of water.
These cements appear to adhere to tooth structure by formation of ionic bonds as a result of chelation of the carboxyl groups in the acid with the calcium and/or phosphate ions in the apatite of enamel and dentin.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS
Finely ground aluminosilicate glass
Liquid is a polycarboxylate copolymer
The chemical reaction gives rise to a cross-linked gel matrix
Bonding to tooth tissue occurs between the polycarboxylate molecules and calcium on the surface of the tooth.
There are other cements like:
Zinc oxide eugenol cements
Zinc polycarboxylate cements
For
Cementation of inlays, veneers, orthodontic bands and brackets, resin-bonded bridges etc.
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40. COMPOSITION POWDER = CALCIUM FLUOROALUMINOSILICATE GLASS
Silicon 13.3% Phosphorus 2.5%
Aluminum 13.3% Fluoride %
Calcium 17.3% Oxygen %
Sodium 1.6%
LIQUID = POLYACRYLIC ACID OR
COPOLYMER OF ACRYLIC ACID
WATER
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41. Most Common Dental Resin
bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
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42. Flouride Release
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43. Composites
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44. 9/18/2018

45. 9/18/2018

46. Fractured incisors http://www.seattle-dentist.com/chipped-teeth.htm
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47. LINKMAX Packaging Self-Etching Primer EP-B
50 Yellow & 50 Pink Micro-Tips
Packaging
Self-Etching Primer EP-A
Mixing Pad
LINKMAX A3 Cartridge
Ceramic Primer
LINKMAX Clear Cartridge
Metal Primer II Package
Dispensing Dish
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Micro-Tip Handle
Mixing Spatula

48. Paste Pak Dispenser • Produces Ideal Consistency Every Time.
• Dispenses The Exact Mixing Ratio No Matter How Little Or How Much Material Dispensed.
• Metering Slide Enables The User To Control The Volume Of Material Dispensed To Reduce Waste.
More
Less
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49. Dual Cure: Light Cure & Self Cure
• Temporary Light-Cured Linkmax Removes Easily With Hand Instrument One Minute After Seating.
• No Radical Clean-Up Procedure Should Be Required.
• Light-Cure Each Surface Of Restoration 20 Seconds.
• When Used Under Metal Or When Cement is Difficult To Expose To Light, Linkmax Self-Cures In 6 Minutes From Placement Of Prosthesis.
9/18/2018

50. • • • • BONDING PORCELAIN Etchant Etchant Ceramic Primer
LINKMAX
LINKMAX
Self-Etching Primer
Self-Etching Primer
Porcelain Inlay
Ceramic Primer
Etchant
LINKMAX
Ceramic Primer
LINKMAX
Self-Etching Primer
Self-Etching Primer
Porcelain Veneer
Etchant
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51. BONDING METAL PROSTHESIS TO TOOTH STRUCTURE
Metal Primer II
Metal Crown
LINKMAX
Self-Etching Primer
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52. The future Adhesive dentistry Biocompatible materials
Improving the properties of adhesive materials. e.g. wear resistance, strength
Biocompatible materials
Antibacterial, bioactive, drug delivery
Increasing use of implants
Shorter healing periods
Poorer quality bone
Less bone
Growing natural teeth
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