1. Chapter 1 Organization of The Human Body

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Physiology: Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

3. Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: Structures examined without a microscope
Regional: Studied area by area
Systemic: Studied system by system
Surface: External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: Structures seen with the microscope
Cytology: Cellular anatomy
Histology: Study of tissues

4. Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Consider operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: Examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: Focuses on the nervous system
Pathology
Exercise Physiology

5. Structural & Functional Organizations
Chemical level
Atoms
Molecules
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level

6. Structural & Functional Organizations

7. Organ Systems of the Body

8. Organ Systems of the Body

9. Organ Systems of the Body

10. Organ Systems of the Body

11. Characteristics of Living Human Organism
Organization: Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
Metabolism: All chemical reactions of the body
Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and adjust
Growth
Development: Changes over time
Differentiation: Change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: Change in shape of tissues, organs
Reproduction: New cells versus organisms

12. Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values
Set Point: The ideal
normal value of a variable
What is the set point for
body temperature?

13. Negative Feedback

14. Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise
Deviation from the usual range of values helps meet changing demands

15. Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback: When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater
Leads away from homeostasis
Can result in death

16. Positive Feedback during Childbirth
Stretch receptors in walls of the uterus send signals to the brain
Brain releases a hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream
Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully
More stretch  more hormone  more contraction  etc.
The cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch
The positive feedback system reinforces a change in a controlled condition

17. Terminology and Body Plan
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Other Body Positions
Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward
Directional Terms
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Deep

18. Directional Terms

19. Body Parts and Regions

20. Body Parts and Regions

21. Body Planes Sagittal / Midsagittal / Median Frontal or Coronal
Transverse / Cross
Oblique: Other than at a right angle

22. Body Cavities

23. Abdominal Subdivisions

24. Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line them
Parietal lines cavity walls
Visceral covers organs
Serous fluid secreted for lubrication by membranes
Named for their specific cavity & organs
Pericardium refers to heart
Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
Inflammation of the serous membranes

25. Serous Membranes

26. Serous Membranes

27. Medical Imaging - Clinical Focus
X-Ray or radiograph is shadowy negative of internal body structures
CT or computed tomography is refined version of an x-ray and slices body
DSR or dynamic spatial reconstruction is three dimensional imaging and allows movement
DSA or Digital Subtraction Angiography is comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used often in blood vessel studies.

28. Sonography or ultrasound is inexpensive and safer than ionizing radiation
MRI or magnetic resonance imaging produces high-contrast imaging of soft tissues
PET or Positron emission tomographic scan is used to study active cells