The atmosphere is made of

The atmosphere is made of
- Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Diatomic Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen (N2 Gas)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Diatomic Nitrogen Inert
78% Nitrogen (N2 Gas) Diatomic Nitrogen Inert Non-reactive Strong Triple Bond Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Diatomic Oxygen More reactive
21% Oxygen (O2 gas) Diatomic Oxygen More reactive (Double Bond) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The sky is blue because…
Nitrogen and Oxygen are small atoms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nitrogen and Oxygen are small atoms. Red light (long wavelength) from the sun passes by Nitrogen and Oxygen without hitting them. Blue light (shorter wavelength) hits Nitrogen and Oxygen and is scattered. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Shorter wave-lengths longer wave-lengths

Shorter wave-lengths longer wave-lengths
Learn more why the sky is blue at… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Which letter represents the blue light that we see, and which represents the red light?

Answer! B represents the smaller wave length of light scattering off of N2 and O2.

Why then, are sunsets red, yellow, and orange?

Answer! The sun is not directly overhead and passes across the atmosphere.

Answer! The sun is not directly overhead and passes across the atmosphere.
This scatters the longer reds, oranges, and yellows at sunset and sunrise. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

All other gases 1% Argon .7% Carbon Dioxide .2% Neon Helium Methane
Krypton Hydrogen Xenon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

All other gases 1% *Argon Carbon Dioxide .2% Neon Helium Methane
Krypton Hydrogen Xenon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

All other gases 1% *Argon *Carbon Dioxide Neon Helium Methane Krypton
Hydrogen Xenon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

What are these? When all are identified we can move on.

O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas CO2 Carbon Dioxide
What are these? When all are identified we can move on. O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas CO2 Carbon Dioxide Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide
What are these? When all are identified we can move on. O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon
What are these? When all are identified we can move on. O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon Krypton
What are these? When all are identified we can move on. O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon Krypton Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon Krypton Xenon
What are these? When all are identified we can move on. O2 Oxygen N2 Nitrogen Gas Argon CO2 Carbon Dioxide Neon Krypton Xenon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Composition of the atmosphere. Learn more at… http://ossfoundation

New Area of Focus: Air Quality and Pollution

Map showing greatest acid rain concentrations in the U.S.

Homework Question! - Please describe a few types of air pollution and their sources.
You will not be able to copy each one, so just get the names and maybe a bit of info. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Natural Sources of pollution

Natural Sources of pollution
Forest Decay CO2 Volcanoes – SO4 Nitrogen Decay NO4 Methane Decay CH4 Note – Natural Sources more than double human sources Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Sulfur oxides especially sulfur dioxide are emitted from burning of coal and oil.

Burning Coal (to create electricity) also emits CO2 (Carbon Dioxide a greenhouse gas)

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion
Which is which? CO 2 CO Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

C C Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion C Which is which? Carbon CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide C Carbon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

O C C O O Which is which? CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are emitted from combustion O C O Which is which? Oxygen Carbon Oxygen CO Carbon Dioxide 2 CO Carbon Monoxide C O Oxygen Carbon Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Smog mask

Nitrogen oxides especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. AKA - Smog

Asthma: A condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus.

Asthma: A condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Reading link / learn more about asthma and air pollution at..

Asthma: A condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Reading link / learn more about asthma and air pollution at.. Reading link / learn more about asthma and air pollution at..

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, Do not…
- Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Run a car in a closed garage.

Burn charcoal indoors or in a tent.

Burn anything without ventilation.

including three children.
Entire family died including three children.

Entire family died including three children. Ran generator inside during power outage.

Entire family died including three children. Ran generator inside during power outage. Carbon monoxide is deadly.

Fire and Carbon Monoxide Alarm.
Cost about 15 dollars. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Video Link. (Optional) Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s), such as hydrocarbon fuel vapors and solvents.

No open burning laws in some states allow people to burn waste with high levels of VOC’s

Burning household waste releases VOC’s

Ammonia (NH3) emitted from agricultural processes.

Odors, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes

Water has a neutral pH, and therefore dissolves solutions or compounds of any pH.

Acid Rain is caused by Nitrogen and Sulfur dioxides
Acid Rain is caused by Nitrogen and Sulfur dioxides. aka – Air pollution. SO2 NOx NO3 Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Activity! Acid Rain. In a few slides you will need to create a card and then place it on the board in a logical manner. The diagram should represent how Acid Rain forms, travels, falls, and damages ecosystems. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Activity! Acid Rain. Draw one of the following on a note card depending on the number assigned by teacher 1 Car D 2 Phytoplankton O 3 Fish Q 4 Pond N 5 Forest Fire E 6 Factory C 7 Condensation G 8 Wind I 9 Rain Cloud J 10 Precipitation K 11 Insects R 12 Volcano B 13 Dead Fish F 14 Sensitive Mtn .Plants M 15 Dead Pine tree L 16 Coal underground A 17 Dead Insects P 18 Cloud 19 Zooplankton (small aquatic insects) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

How does acid rain impact the ecosystem?
Activity! Acid Rain. Draw one of the following on a note card depending on the number assigned by teacher 1 Car 2 Phytoplankton O 3 Fish Q 4 Pond N 5 Forest Fire E 6 Factory C 7 Condensation G 8 Wind I 9 Rain Cloud J 10 Precipitation K 11 Insects R 12 Volcano B 13 Dead Fish F 14 Sensitive Mtn .Plants M 15 Dead Pine tree L 16 Coal underground A 17 Dead Insects P 18 Cloud 19 Zooplankton (small aquatic insects) On the next slide you will watch a video. Shortly after you will then place your note card with some tape one at a time and try to create how air pollution becomes acid rain. How does acid rain impact the ecosystem? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Video Link! Acid Rain Pay attention to where you might place your card during the video.

Answers

Rain Precipitation ………… Fish Coal Condensation Wind Dead Fish
…………. Dead Fish Aquatic Insects Zooplankton Coal Phytoplankton Fish

Rain Precipitation ………… Coal Condensation Wind Dead Fish Phytoplankton
…………. Dead Fish Aquatic Insects Zooplankton Coal Phytoplankton

Question: If you swim in a pond that is affected by acid rain will you look like this?

Answer: No. The change in pH (Acidity) will be small
Answer: No! The change in pH (Acidity) will be small. This will have a large impact on the micro-organisms which then moves up the food chain.

The result… A lake that looks beautiful but is biologically dead.
Answer: No! The change in pH (Acidity) will be small. This will have a large impact on the micro-organisms which then moves up the food chain. The result… A lake that looks beautiful but is biologically dead.

Cleopatra’s Needle in Egypt. (Dry)
Misnamed: They are ancient Egyptian obelisks and not connected to Cleopatra. Three were removed from Egypt and brought to London, Paris and New York. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Central Park Present

Brought to New York City Water + Chemical Pollution =

Activity / Video – View Video and Conduct Activity (Optional)
Directions are on video. Draw a before and after along with a quick procedure. Materials, glass, chalk, vinegar, paper clip. (Optional) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Note, gases below are water vapor, Nuclear plant would to have a meltdown to release radioactive pollutants. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Radioactive Fallout: Chernobly Disaster

The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power plant in Japan after Earthquake and Tsunami.

Note – Don’t freak out. Meltdown would be very rare
Note – Don’t freak out! Meltdown would be very rare. But knowing evacuation routes and the dangers of nuclear fallout from a radioactive cloud is important. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Fireworks contain toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.

Class Poll! Town members donating several thousand dollars for fireworks celebration on July 4th which pollutes local area for the reason of celebration. _____ No celebratory fireworks, but having local band play patriotic tunes while historians talk about The American Revolution. ______ Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Particulate matter (PM), measured as smoke and dust.

PM 10 is the fraction of suspended particles 10 micrometers in diameter and smaller that will enter the nasal cavity. PM 2.5 has a maximum particle size of 2.5 µm and will enter the bronchies and lungs. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Please observe the simulated data of Particulate Matter (PM) from a building.

Control Custodial Room

GYM CLOSET Hold your breath when getting a ball
N = 1 Is not enough data to accurately say anything. Let’s improve our procedures and collect more data. GYM CLOSET Hold your breath when getting a ball Time for some dusting? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Please write a short paragraph / evaluation of the schools air quality
Some considerations in statement Was the level of PM high or low? What places should we test again? Do the results surprise you? Why do you think the results are what they are? Can we base anything on such a small number of samples? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Neat link to see some particles and air pollution.

The atmosphere is made of

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