1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. I. The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
How is anatomy different from physiology?

3. II. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Examples

4. II. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4

5. III. Levels of Structural Organization
A. Chemical 1. Atoms 2. Molecules B. Cellular C. Tissue D. Organ E. Organ System F. Organismal

6. III. Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

7. IV. Organ System Overview
Integumentary
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

8. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

9. Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

10. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

11. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

12. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

13. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

14. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

15. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

16. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

17. Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k

18. V. Necessary Life Functions
Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients

19. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

20. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number

21. VI. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions

22. Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reactions
Solvent- dissolves substances
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

23. VII. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

24. VIII. Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4

25. IX. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Detects changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center

26. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

27. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat

28. X. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

29. XI. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

30. XII. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1

31. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)

32. XIII. Body Landmarks
Anterior
Figure 1.5a

33. Body Landmarks
Posterior
Figure 1.5b

35. XIV. Body Planes
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Figure 1.6

36. XV. Body Cavities
Figure 1.7

37. XVI. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a

38. XVII. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b

39. XVIII. Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Liver
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Figure 1.8c