1. What did the article say was the evolutionary significance of women living a longer life?

2. Evolution and Natural Selection

3. A change in the characteristics (genes) in a population over time
Evolution is...
A change in the characteristics (genes) in a population over time

4. Evidence
Fossils
Anatomy
Development
Biological molecules

5. Fossils
Fossils are preserved or mineralized remains or imprints of an organism that lived long ago
Conditions must be perfect for fossils to form
Rapidly buried – before it decays or is eaten
Covered in fine sediments carried by wind, water, or volcanoes
*Hard body parts are more likely to become a fossil than soft body parts

6. Fossils Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Reptiles Mammals
Examples: Trilobites, dinosaurs, plants, insects, skulls
Transition fossils include
Fish Amphibians
Reptiles Birds
Reptiles Mammals
Land mammals Whales

7. Anatomy Similarity in body structure in different animals
Vestigial structures – Structures found in organisms that are reduced when compared to other related organisms (ex. appendix, human hair, whale hind limbs)
Homologous structures –
structures that share a
common ancestor

8. Comparative Anatomy of Primates

9. Development Embryos look similar in dissimilar organisms
All vertebrates have a tail during development (including humans)
All vertebrates have a pharyngeal pouch (turn into gills in fish and in humans they turn into structures in the throat)

10. Biological molecules
All living organisms have DNA (nucleic acids) and share the same or a similar genetic code
The sequences that make-up proteins are more similar in closer related species

11. Species Amino Acid Differences from Human Hemoglobin Protein
Gorilla 1
Rhesus monkey 8
Mouse 27
Chicken 45
Frog 67
Lamprey
125

12. Evolution is a Scientific Theory!
A scientific theory is not a guess
A theory is…
A broad explanation that ties together a great number of observations
It makes predictions that can be tested
Must be supported by a vast accumulation of evidence
Acts as a framework for thinking about the natural world
*Other theories include, the theory of universal gravitation, and the theory of magnetism

13. The beginning of the idea “Decent with Modification”
Carolus Linnaeus ( ) – Sought to classify (organize) life’s diversity
James Hutton ( ) – Geologist that proposed that geological process are gradual and are unchanging
Charles Lyell ( ) – Uniformitarianism – mechanisms of change are constant over time
Lamarck ( ) - gradual evolutionary change – but he was wrong that organisms cannot inherit acquired characteristics.

14. Charles Darwin Naturalist
Studied organisms and traveled the world on the Beagle
Not really interested in shaking the world – delayed publication of his work until Alfred Wallace came up with the same idea

15. Studied finches on the Galapagos Islands
Finches looked similar on all the islands
Different variations of beaks were observed
Helped Darwin come up with the idea of natural selection

16. What Darwin Observed Variability Heritability
Individuals within a species are different (ex. Look at the differences between human individuals)
*Genes are responsible for the variation
Heritability
Traits are passed down to offspring

17. What Darwin Observed Competition
Animals compete to survive
Unequal survival and reproductive success
The more fit individuals in their environment will survive and reproduce

18. Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution
Definition of Natural Selection
Individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.

19. Examples of natural selection

20. Examples of Natural Selection

21. Evolution of new species…
Reproductive Isolation
As the two populations become more and more different, they eventually become unable to breed with one another successfully.
A new subspecies and eventually species form.
Kaibab squirrel on North Rim of Grand Canyon
Abert squirrel on South Rim of Grand Canyon .

22.
Think about how natural selection is shaping these situations
Natural selection cannot create perfect forms, but rather works by tinkering with the original form. How do these examples support this statement?